Trent University
MyTrent
  • Academics
    • Undergraduate Programs
    • Graduate Programs
    • Trent Online
    • Summer Courses
    • Continuing Education
    • Study Abroad
    • Academic Calendar
    • Academic Timetable
    • Academic Skills Centre
    • Academic Advising
    • Library
    • Centre for Teaching and Learning
  • Admissions
    • Undergraduate
    • Thinking of Applying
    • Already Applied
    • Received an Offer
    • Accepted My Offer
    • Graduate
    • International
    • Indigenous
    • Returning to Trent
    • Transfer
  • Services & Support
    • Academic Advising
    • Academic Skills Centre
    • Administrative Departments
    • Alumni Services
    • Athletics
    • Campus Security
    • Careerspace
    • Colleges
    • Communications
    • Conferences
    • Financial Aid
    • Financial Services
    • Health & Wellness
    • Indigenous Services
    • Information Technology
    • International Students
    • Learning Support
    • Parking
    • Printshop
    • Recruitment
    • Registrar's Office
    • Residence & Housing
    • Student Clubs
    • TrentU Card
  • Research
    • Research at Trent
    • Research Centres
    • Find an Expert
    • Resources
  • Give to Trent
  • About Trent
    • About Trent
    • Careers
    • Giving to Trent
    • Governance
    • How to Find Us
    • Media
    • News & Events
    • President's Office
    • Staff Directory
    • Trent Facts
    • Contact Us
  • Campus Locations
    • Peterborough
    • Durham GTA
    • Online
  • Future Students
    • Undergraduate
    • Thinking of Applying
    • Already Applied
    • Received an Offer
    • Accepted My Offer
    • Graduate
    • International
    • Indigenous
    • Returning to Trent
    • Transfer
  • Current Students
  • Alumni
  • Trent Forward: COVID-19 Info
  • Apply
  • Visit
  • Give
  • Map
  • Careers
  • Directions
  • Library
  • Site Map
  • Bookstore
Skip to main content Home
  • Peterborough
  • Durham GTA
  • Online
  • MyTrent
MENU
Trent University

Academic Skills

  • Welcome
  • Appointments
  • How To Guides
  • Documentation Guide
  • Programs & Events
  • Contact
A student studying on the floor

Academic Skills

  • Welcome
    • Information for Faculty
    • Information for Graduate Students
    • Tutor Board
  • Appointments
  • How To Guides
    • Transition to University - Advice for First Year
    • Level Up: Resources for Upper-Year Students
    • How Do I Protect My Academic Integrity?
    • How to Study
    • How to Learn Online
    • How to Manage Your Time
    • How to Write in University
    • How to Succeed in Math and Science
    • How to Use Sources
    • How to Edit Your Writing
      • Strategies for Revision and Proofreading
      • Grammar and Style
        • Sentence Structure
        • Punctuation
        • Using Apostrophes
        • Pronoun Agreement and Reference
        • Subject-Verb Agreement
        • Misplaced, Squinting, and Dangling Modifiers
        • Parallelism, Consistency, and Voice
        • Capitalization
        • Words often Confused
    • Academic Skills Online Resources Index
  • Documentation Guide
  • Programs & Events
  • Contact
TRENTU.CA / Academic Skills / How To Guides / How to Edit Your Writing / Grammar and Style / Misplaced, Squinting, and Dangling Modifiers

Misplaced, Squinting, and Dangling Modifiers

  1. What is a modifier?
  2. Misplaced Modifiers
  3. Squinting Modifiers
  4. Dangling Modifiers

Modifiers

A modifier is a word, phrase or clause which speaks about or describes another word in the same sentence. Confusion results when a reader cannot tell to which word a modifier is attached. A  modifier must clearly modify a word in the sentence.

Misplaced Modifiers

 A misplaced modifier is a word or expression not placed closely enough to the word it modifies. The result may be confusing or unintentionally humorous.

The minister chatted informally about the cost of living with several women. [Incorrect sentence]

The minister chatted informally with several women about the cost of living. [Correct sentence]

In the first sentence, the writer reports the minister as talking about the "cost of living with several women," which was not the actual subject of conversation. In the correct sentence, the phrase "with several women" has been moved closer to the verb, "chatted," which it was meant to modify and, as a result, the meaning becomes clear.

Squinting Modifiers

Occasionally, a word or phrase can be placed so that it could refer to either one of two sentence elements. This is known as a squinting modifier.

Post offices are open on Saturdays only in the country. [Incorrect sentence]

Post offices are open only on Saturdays in the country. [Correct sentence]

Post offices are open on Saturdays in the country only. [Correct sentence]

Dangling Modifiers

A dangling modifier is usually a phrase, frequently found at the beginning of a sentence, which refers to a word that is not actually stated in the sentence at all.

Waking in the night, the fire engine could be heard. [Incorrect sentence]

In the first sentence, the phrase "waking in the night" modifies "the fire engine," technically saying that the fire engine woke in the night. The modifier is dangling at the beginning of the sentence with nothing to modify.

Waking in the night, I could hear the fire engine. [Correct sentence]

To avoid a dangling modifier, the writer must clearly express, following the dangling modifier and right after the comma, the word the phrase actually modifies.

In conversation, we often use dangling modifiers, but we should avoid them in correct, formal writing.

Correcting Dangling Modifiers

Example 1:

Staying in England in March, the crocuses were in bloom. [Incorrect sentence]

Staying in England in March, I enjoyed the crocuses, which were in bloom. [Correct sentence]

When I stayed in England in March, the crocuses were in bloom. [Correct sentence]

Example 2:

To climb mountains safely, good equipment is essential. [Incorrect sentence]

If one wants to climb mountains safely, good equipment is essential. [Correct sentence]

To climb mountains safely, mountaineers require good equipment. [Correct sentence]

Example 3:

By missing ten lectures, the exam seemed difficult. [Incorrect sentence]

By missing ten lectures, I found the exam difficult. [Correct sentence]

Because I had missed ten lectures, the exam seemed difficult. [Correct sentence]

Example 4:

When six years old, my mother died. [Incorrect sentence]

When six years old, I lost my mother. [Correct sentence]

When I was six years old, my mother died. [Correct sentence]

How To Guides

  • Transition to University - Advice for First Year
  • Level Up: Resources for Upper-Year Students
  • How Do I Protect My Academic Integrity?
  • How to Study
  • How to Learn Online
  • How to Manage Your Time
  • How to Write in University
  • How to Succeed in Math and Science
  • How to Use Sources
  • How to Edit Your Writing
    • Strategies for Revision and Proofreading
    • Grammar and Style
      • Sentence Structure
      • Punctuation
      • Using Apostrophes
      • Pronoun Agreement and Reference
      • Subject-Verb Agreement
      • Misplaced, Squinting, and Dangling Modifiers
      • Parallelism, Consistency, and Voice
      • Capitalization
      • Words often Confused
  • Academic Skills Online Resources Index
Trent University logo
Challenge the Way You Think

Trent University respectfully acknowledges it is located on the treaty and traditional territory of the Mississauga Anishinaabeg. We offer our gratitude to First Peoples for their care for, and teachings about, our earth and our relations. May we honour those teachings.

Peterborough

1600 West Bank Drive
Peterborough, ON Canada, K9L 0G2

Toll Free: 1-855-MY-TRENT

Campus Map

Durham Greater Toronto Area

55 Thornton Road South
Oshawa, ON Canada, L1J 5Y1

Phone: 905-435-5100

Campus Map

Social Media Directory
  • Contact
  • Directions
  • Site Map
  • Accessibility
  • @ Copyright 2023 Trent University