CSE Harvard: In-text Citations - Academic Skills - Trent University

Single Author Examples
- Paraphrase
- Direction Quotation
- Introduced Direct Quotation
Author Variations
- Two Authors
- Three or More Authors
- Two Authors with the Same Last Name
- Author with Multiple Dates
- Organization as Author
- No Author
- No Date

Single Author Examples

Paraphrase

Harvard style uses a name-year system. Use the last name of the author and the year of publication within parentheses for in-text citations.

Population is central to our everyday thoughts and practices (Schaefer 2006).

Direct Quotation

For a direct quotation, include the page number after the year. Notice that there is no comma between the name and date, only a space, but that there is a colon between the date and page number.

"The population represents the centrepiece of biological thought and practice" (Schaefer 2006:236).

Introduced Direct Quotation

According to Schaefer (2006), "the population represents the centrepiece of biological thought and practice" (236).

Author Variations

Two Authors

"[A] number of interferometers capable of resolving nearby M dwarfs have come into service" (Dawson and De Robertis 2004:2909).

Three or more Authors

Later studies (Ito et al. 1999) established that …..

Two Authors with the Same Last Name

Animal experimentation (Dawson J 1986; Dawson M 1986) showed…

Author with Multiple Dates

Binford’s (1979, 1980) discussions of formation processes in archaeology….

Organization as Author

Use an acronym or a shortened form for the name of an organization to avoid interrupting the text with a long string of words.

A study on bullet lead composition (NRC 2004) indicates that….

Note:The abbreviation appears as the initial element in the end note reference in square brackets.

[NRC] National Research Council (US). 2004. Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence; report of a study by a committee on Scientific Assessment of Bullet Lead Elemental Compositional Comparison. Washington (DC): National Academy of Sciences.

No Author

Use the first word or few words of the title of the source. For example, shorten the Handbook of Geriatric Assessment to simply Handbook.

(Handbook….c2010)

No Date

(Green [date unknown])