Biology Course Listing

Provides experience in asking and answering questions in biology, exploring the power of the scientific method, and the importance of critical analysis. Examples involve a wide diversity of organisms and approaches, involving the use of a variety of statistical tools. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1020H or 1030H or BIOM 1000H.

BIOL-FRSC 2050H: Introduction to Genetics (Sc) Develops a basic understanding of genetics. Mendelian inheritance, chromosome structure, genetic recombination, mutation, the structure of DNA, the nature of genes, and current topics in genetics are investigated using examples from plants, animals, insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1030H or BIOM 1000H, and 60% or higher in one of BIOL 1020H or 1050H

Cross-listed: FRSC-2050H

An introduction to cell structure and function, including the organization, physiology, architecture, and interactions of cells. Cellular mechanisms of differentiation, development, cancer, and the immune response are explored. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1030H or BIOM 1000H. Recommended: CHEM 1000H and 1010H

Covers commonly-used statistical tools in Biology, Geography, and Environmental & Resource Science. Lectures address basic statistical methods and background theory. Workshops involve computer-based assignments providing practical experience in statistical application. Prerequisite: One of GEOG 1030H, GEOG-EGEO 1040H, or GEOG 1050H; or both ERSC 1010H and 1020H; or both BIOL 1020H and 1030H; or BIOM 1000H.

Cross-listed: GEOG-2080H, ERSC-2080H

An introduction to the diversity of invertebrate animals, emphasizing their evolutionary relationships and functional, behavioural, and ecological aspects of their biology. An emphasis is also placed on field techniques of collection and identification of various invertebrate groups. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1020H or 1030H or BIOM 1000H.

An introduction to the diversity of vertebrate animals, emphasizing their evolutionary relationships and functional, behavioural, and ecological aspects of their biology. Required dissections. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1020H or 1030H or BIOM 1000H.

An examination of the interactions between organisms and their environment at the levels of the population, community, and ecosystem. Covers basic concepts, theories, and methods used in ecology and the application of these to ecological and environmental problems. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1020H.

Cross-listed: ERSC-2260H

An examination of the importance of plants in society. Topics include an in-depth look at the role of plants in human population growth, biotechnology, food safety, medicines, and commercial products. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1020H

Introduces key molecules and concepts in biochemistry. Topics include the properties of water, the thermodynamics of biological systems, and the behaviour of biomolecules in water. Focuses on each of the four major classes of biomolecules-proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids-as they apply to biological systems. Prerequisite: CHEM 1000H and 1010H.

Cross-listed: CHEM-2300H

An exploration of the scientific basis and ecology of agriculture. Abiotic and biotic factors influencing crop productivity, species interactions, energetics, nutrient cycling, cropping systems management and landscape diversity are considered. Traditional, conventional, and intense systems are reviewed in the context of sustainability. Prerequisite: BIOL 1020H or both ERSC 1010H and 1020H. Recommended: SAFS 1001H, BIOL 1030H. Excludes ERSC-SAFS 3350H.

Cross-listed: SAFS-2350H, ERSC-2350H

A general survey of the Order Primates, focusing on their history, classification, distribution, ecology, and behaviour within an evolutionary/adaptive context, with emphasis on the comparisons of non-human primates with the human species. Prerequisite: ANTH 1010H. Excludes ANTH-BIOL 3470H.

Cross-listed: ANTH-2470H

A study of the pattern of the evolution of life over the past billion years focusing on key events and transitions, and the underlying processes that made them happen. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 2050H.

Not for credit toward a major or minor in Biology.

Cross-listed: ERSC-2701H, EDUC-2701H

Not for credit toward a major or minor in Biology.

Cross-listed: ERSC-2702H, EDUC-2702H

Examines the theoretical foundations and techniques of DNA analysis with leading-edge technology in light of forensic cases. Students learn the theory and practice of generating forensic DNA evidence. Prerequisite: FRSC-BIOL 2050H, FRSC-BIOL 3700H, BIOL 3080H.

Cross-listed: FRSC-3000H

A study of the four basic animal tissue types and how these tissues are subsequently organized into organ systems. An important emphasis is the relation of tissue form to function. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL 2070H and an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or BIOC.

A study of the ecology of freshwater ecosystems, biology, geochemistry, and physics of freshwater lakes, rivers, and streams. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL-ERSC 2260H and an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL, BIOC, CHEM, ERSC, or GEOG. Recommended: CHEM 1000H and 1010H.

Explores the ecological properties of rivers and streams. Theoretical concepts of river function are used as foundations for developing knowledge of aquatic communities. Also considers problems in conservation and management of river and stream ecosystems, and addresses how ecological principles are applied to these problems. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL-ERSC 2260H and an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or BIOC. Recommended: CHEM 1000H and 1010H.

Fundamental concepts in molecular biology with emphasis on the exploration of structure, function, and cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA. Techniques in recombinant DNA technology as well as their applications in biomedical, forensic, and pharmaceutical research are discussed. Basic techniques in molecular biology and scientific calculations are also introduced. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including a pass in both CHEM 1000H and 1010H and 60% or higher in each of BIOL 2050H and an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or BIOC. Recommended: BIOL 2070H.

An introduction to the organization and diversity of insects. Lectures emphasize insect physiology, ecology, and behaviour. An insect collecting kit for making a required insect collection will be available to borrow from the Biology Department beginning in April preceding the beginning of the course. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of two 0.5 BIOL and/or BIOC credits at the 2000 level.

The biology of fishes with emphasis on biotic and abiotic factors that affect their life histories, distribution, population dynamics, feeding, and growth. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL-ERSC 2260H and an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or BIOC.

Ancient biomolecules (proteins, lipids, DNA), the conditions under which they preserve, how they are isolated and analyzed. Topics include stable isotopes, ancient DNA, proteomics, and organic residue analysis. Labs provide students with hands-on experience with techniques commonly used in archaeological science (emphasis on bone chemistry). Prerequisite: ANTH 2150H, or 2.5 ANTH credits and three of BIOL 1020H, BIOL 1030H, CHEM 1000H, GEOG 1040H, or PHYS 1001H.

Cross-listed: ANTH-3153H, FRSC-3153H

Examines major transitions in the evolution of terrestrial plants with a focus on the evolutionary relationships among the main lineages of the flowering plants and the mechanisms underlying the tremendous diversity of this group. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL 2600H and an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or BIOC.

Due to a sessile nature, plant functioning is unique and highly dynamic. Emphasizing the flowering plants, this course provides an introduction to plant anatomy, physiology, and molecular biology. It examines the mechanisms by which plants work and survive in their role as energy providers to the biosphere. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL 1020H and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 2000 level. Strongly recommended: BIOL 3170H. Not open to students with credit for BIOL-SAFS 3530H.

As the Hidden Kingdom, fungi are covert, critical players in life processes. This course examines unique anatomical, cellular, biochemical and ecological processes by which fungi function as energy salvagers, earth makers, life enablers and pathogenic killers. It further explores applications of mind alteration, body healing, materials, foods, and environmental remediation. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in BIOL 2070H and 60% or higher in an additional 0.5 BIOL credit at the 2000 level.

An intensive coverage of the central nervous system, its anatomy, and physiological interactions. Emphasizes subcortical and cortical brain structures and their functional characteristics. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in one of BIOL 2070H, 2110H, 3840H, or PSYC 2200H, and 60% or higher in an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or PSYC.

Cross-listed: PSYC-3210H

An examination of the relationship between brain function and psychological processes, drawing heavily from contemporary research involving humans and animals and describing the neural bases for such psychological processes as learning, memory, language, and emotion. Special attention is given to behavioural abnormalities resulting from brain pathology. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including PSYC 2200H or PSYC-BIOL 3210H.

Cross-listed: PSYC-3220H

Looks at how integrated pest management methods (IPM) are applied to agricultural insect pests. Students will examine the principles of IPM, the role of insects in soil ecology, insects as allies in pest management and as pollinators, monitoring and sampling, and control methods (pesticide and organic). Prerequisite: 7.5 university credits including BIOL 1020H or permission of instructor. Excludes SAFS-BIOL 3110H.

Cross-listed: SAFS-3240H

An introduction to microbiology with consideration given to the diversity of microscopic forms, their presence in various habitats, and their impact on humanity. Heavy emphasis is placed on laboratory work. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL 2070H and an additional 0.5 BIOL or BIOC credit at the 2000 level.

Exploration of the scientific basis and practical need for biomonitoring frames the field application of biomonitoring protocols for community clients in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Prerequisite: ERSC 2240H or 2230H or equivalent or ERSC-BIOL 2260H.

Cross-listed: ERSC-3260H

The structure and function or proteins, key protein biophysical methods, and enzyme mechanisms are treated in detail. Students use web-based resources such as ExPASy and the Protein Data Bank, and gain practical laboratory experience in bioseparations and the determination of enzyme rate parameters. Prerequisite: CHEM-BIOL 2300H, and one of CHEM-2100H or 2110H.

Cross-listed: CHEM-3310H

The key topics are biological processes that produce and use high-energy biomolecules. These include membrane transport, multienzyme pathways, and their regulation. With their skills acquired in CHEM-BIOL 3310H, students are given more freedom for independent laboratory work in devising and executing their own enzyme purification scheme. Prerequisite: CHEM-BIOL 3310H. Excludes CHEM-BIOL 3300H.

Cross-listed: CHEM-3320H

Many insect species associated with the process of decay of corpses and their maggots have been used as an important tool for identifying both the timing and location of death. This course explores the relationship between insects and the decay of corpses. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in 1.0 BIOL and/or BIOC credit at the 2000 level.

Cross-listed: FRSC-3330H

An introduction to the biology of amphibians and reptiles. Includes an overview of past and current diversity, the use of amphibians and reptiles as model organisms for biological research, the importance of these animals in ecological communities, and issues in conservation and management. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL 2110H and BIOL-ERSC 2260H.

An introduction to the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary mechanisms which influence the behaviour of animals, with emphasis on social relations, mating systems, selection, and co-evolution. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL-ERSC 2260H and BIOL 2600H.

Cross-listed: PSYC-3360H

Focuses on farming methods and requirements for organic production. The importance of ecological processes, biodiversity, rotation, and organic amendments in organic crop production will be discussed. The standards, certification, packaging, and diversity of markets for organic foods will be emphasized. Mandatory field trips to organic farms. Field trip fee: 30. Prerequisite: SAFS 1001H (2001H) and ERSC-SAFS 2350H.

Cross-listed: SAFS-3370H, ERSC-3370H

Examines current theoretical and applied problems in ecology. Emphasis is placed on developing problem-solving skills, critical evaluation of ecological studies, modelling, and an in-depth look at recent advances in theories and laboratory and field techniques used in solving problems in individual, population, community, and ecosystem ecology. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL-ERSC 2260H and an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL, BIOC, or ERSC.

Cross-listed: ERSC-3380H

A focus on the causes and consequences of reductions to biodiversity and the strategies to counterbalance these reductions from both their biological and human dimensions. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of 0.5 BIOL credit at the 2000 level and 0.5 additional credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or ERSC. Strongly recommended: BIOL-ERSC 2260H. Not open to students with credit for BIOL-ERSC 4390H.

Cross-listed: ERSC-3391H

A lab-based introduction to the anatomy and biology of the human skeleton. Topics include basic skeletal anatomy, bone biology and development, the functional morphology of bones, identification of complete and fragmentary bones, and skeletal pathology. Prerequisite: ANTH 2410H (or 2400Y). Excludes ANTH-BIOL-FRSC 3415Y, 3420H.

Cross-listed: ANTH-3404H, FRSC-3404H

A survey of the human life course through a bio-cultural lens, focusing on life history theory, demography, growth and development, adaptive human biology, determinants of health, and aging. The human species on the individual and population levels is seen as a product of evolutionary and biological forces, and of culture and and society. Prerequisite: ANTH 1001H or both 1010H and 1020H (or 1000Y), or permission of instructor.

Cross-listed: ANTH-3460H

An examination of the prospects for extraterrestrial life, based primarily on material from astronomy, biology, and planetary science. Topics include the origin and evolution of life on Earth, extremophiles, the habitability of Mars and Jovian moons, the nature and habitability of exoplanets, SETI, the Drake equation, and the Fermi paradox. Prerequisite: 5.0 university credits including two of BIOL 1020H, BIOL 1030H, PHYS 1510H, PHYS 1520H. Excludes PHYS 2510H. Not for credit toward a major or minor in Physics.

Cross-listed: PHYS-3510H

The mechanisms of plant functioning from the molecular to the whole plant level. Fundamental processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant water relations, stomata physiology, mineral nutrition, plant hormone functions, seed germination and dormancy, and environmental stress physiology. Prerequisite: Both SAFS 1001H and 1002H or BIOL 1020H. Excludes BIOL 3180H.

Cross-listed: SAFS-3530H

Ecological genetics uses genetic data to investigate ecological and evolutionary processes in natural populations. This course uses theoretical and "real world" approaches to investigate topics that include natural selection and adaptation, behavioural ecology, conservation genetics, invasive species, and phylogeography. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in each of BIOL-FRSC 2050H, BIOL-ERSC 2260H, and BIOL 2600H. Not open to students with credit for BIOL-FRSC 3620H or FRSC 3700H.

Epidemiology is the systematic study of human diseases and their causes and the application of what is learned to improve health. This course reviews the basic principles and methods of epidemiology, with an emphasis on critical thinking and application to public health and clinical research. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in one of BIOL 2000H, NURS 2031H, MATH 2560H, or PSYC 2018H, and 60% or higher in an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL, PSYC, or NURS.

Nutrition is the integrative science of what foods our body requires for health, growth, maintenance, and reproduction. This course covers the fundamentals of human nutrition, critically assesses evidence underlying dietary claims, and enables students to think critically about the complex interrelationships between food, nutrition, health, and society. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including 60% or higher in BIOL 1051H, 60% or higher in one of BIOL 2070H, NURS 2550H, or HEAL-NURS 2005H, and 60% or higher in an additional 0.5 credit at the 2000 level in BIOL or NURS.

The processes of digestion, osmoregulation and excretion, circulatory systems and gaseous exchange, respiration, metabolism, and their control are considered. Uses a comparative approach, first discussing the basic principles of the physiology of these processes and then examining the means whereby different organisms perform them. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including a pass in CHEM 1000H and 1010H, 60% or higher in BIOL 2070H, and 60% or higher in BIOL 2110H or in each of BIOM 1000H and BIOL 1051H. Strongly recommended: CHEM 2300H.

An examination of fundamental concepts in sensory, endocrine, muscular, and reproductive physiology. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including a pass in CHEM 1000H and 1010H, 60% or higher in BIOL 2070H, and 60% or higher in BIOL 2110H or in each of BIOM 1000H and BIOL 1051H.

Spring and Summer courses are offered through the Ontario Universities Program in Field Biology. Prerequisite: A minimum cumulative average of 60% and 8.0 university credits including one of BIOL 2000H, ERSC 2230H, or ERSC 2240H.

Students investigate a specific field of interest under the guidance of a faculty member. BIOL 4020D is a double credit in Biology. BIOL 4010Y is a single credit because the same thesis is submitted to the other department/program in a joint-major or is submitted in conjunction with BIOL 4400Y. Prerequisite: 15.0 university credits including 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level; the Animal Care Course, if applicable; a minimum average of 75% in BIOL courses completed; and agreement of a faculty member to supervise the project. To be accepted into a joint thesis course, the student must meet the requirements of both programs. Applications may be obtained from the department website at trentu.ca/biology/experience.

Students investigate a specific field of interest under the guidance of a faculty member. BIOL 4020D is a double credit in Biology. BIOL 4010Y is a single credit because the same thesis is submitted to the other department/program in a joint-major or is submitted in conjunction with BIOL 4400Y. Prerequisite: 15.0 university credits including 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level; the Animal Care Course, if applicable; a minimum average of 75% in BIOL courses completed; and agreement of a faculty member to supervise the project. To be accepted into a joint thesis course, the student must meet the requirements of both programs. Applications may be obtained from the department website at trentu.ca/biology/experience.

Theoretical and practical instruction in design of research projects, with emphasis on appropriate statistical methods through the use of the statistical program R. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including 1.0 BIOL and/or ERSC credit at the 3000 level and one of MATH 1052H or BIOL-GEOG-ERSC 2080H.

Cross-listed: ERSC-4030H

At least 16 hours per week; otherwise as CHEM 4030Y. May not be combined with any other project courses for credit toward the Biochemistry & Molecular Biology degree. Prerequisite: An average of 75% in all previous Chemistry courses and permission of instructor.

Cross-listed: CHEM-4040D

Examines the chemistry of freshwater systems. Chemical and physical processes that lead to changes in water quality are discussed. The emphasis is on the concentrations and distributions of contaminants. Topics include watershed contributions of chemicals, acidification and the carbonate system, weathering, redox chemistry, trace materials, and synthetic organic contaminants. Prerequisite: ERSC 2230H or ERSC-CHEM 2620H (or 2600Y).

Cross-listed: ERSC-4060H, GEOG-4060H, EGEO-4060H, WASC-4060H

Discusses approaches to predicting the fate of contaminants in aquatic systems. Basic assumptions and algorithms of fate models for toxic metals and organic xenobiotics are examined and students get hands-on experience in applying recent models to case studies. Prerequisite: ERSC-GEOG-BIOL 4060H.

Cross-listed: ERSC-4070H, GEOG-4070H, EGEO-4070H, WASC-4070H

An exploration of the cellular and molecular bases of embryonic development. Emphasis is placed on how the intricate and diverse processes of embryogenesis are dependent on common mechanisms, including cell division, cell death, adhesion, migration, gene expression, and intraand inter-cellular signalling. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 2070H and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

An examination of current concepts of the biology, epidemiology, and evolution of infectious diseases. Topics include emerging disease, the meaning of symptoms, effects of infectious disease on human evolution, Darwinian medicine, vaccines, and virulence. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Focuses on fundamental aspects of human cell biology ranging from organelle function to intercellular communication. Recent technological advances in the field are also discussed. The goal of this course is to develop a holistic view of the cell to enable an understanding of its importance to life and human disease. Prerequisite: Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 2050H, 2070H, 3080H, and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

An introduction to the study of birds. Covers broad areas in ornithology, including field identification, systematics, ecology, behaviour, anatomy, physiology, management, and conservation. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 2110H and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Investigates the biology, ecology, and evolutionary history of marine mammals (whales, dolphins, sirenians, and seals). Emphasis is also placed on the use of scientific inquiry and critical thinking to evaluate marine mammal research methodology and conservation. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL courses and 10.0 university credits including BIOL-ERSC 2260H.

An introduction to the immune system, including a discussion of the organs, cells, and molecules that constitute, as well as regulate, the immune system. Health-related aspects of the immune system, such as immunodeficiency, tumour immunology, and allergies are also explored. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 2070H and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

An exploration of the evolution, anatomy, ecology, behaviour, and management of terrestrial mammals. Labs are devoted to field techniques and species identification, with emphasis on Canadian forms. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/ or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 2110H, BIOL-ERSC 2260H, and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Covers the principles of good writing in general, with a particular focus on science research and writing. Students complete a series of assignments based on a topic of interest, while developing writing and communication skills. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 75% and 15.0 university credits including at least 5.0 BIOL credits, or permission of the instructor.

Covers classic topics in mathematical biology, including population biology, epidemiology, and mathematical ecology of a single or interacting species. The course addresses modeling of life-science problems by using difference/differential equations and applications of dynamical systems theories. Prerequisite: MATH-PHYS 3150H.

Cross-listed: MATH-4230H

Principles and practices of fisheries assessment and management, including an examination of management problems in freshwater and marine fisheries from ecological, socio-economic, and policy perspectives. Topics include stock assessment techniques, stocking and fertilization, management of warmwater and coldwater species, and local management initiatives. Prerequisite: 10.0 university credits including one of ERSC-BIOL 2260H or ERSC 2210H or 2240H. Recommended: One of ERSC 3510H or BIOL 3050H or 3140H. Students who have successfully completed ERST-CAST 2520H and 2525H may take the course, but must be prepared to do additional background reading.

Cross-listed: ERSC-4240H

Explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive tissue and organismal aging. Topics include mechanisms of aging, animal model systems used to study aging, putative anti-aging therapies (e.g., senolytics), and age-dependent diseases related to the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 3080H and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Examines plant nutrition, soil fertility, and fertilizer management, with a focus on essential macronutrients. Topics include biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur in crop production. Sustainable management of nutrients for optimum productivity and minimum impact on the environment will be discussed. Prerequisite: GEOG-ERSC-SAFS 3560H.

Cross-listed: SAFS-4270H, ERSC-4270H, GEOG-4270H

The essential biological roles of metals are usually acknowledged but seldom discussed in most biochemistry courses. Includes an introduction to coordination chemistry and a survey of the roles of metals in enzyme catalysis, oxygen transport, photosynthesis, cell mobility, gene expression, and environmental toxicity. Prerequisite: CHEM-BIOL 3310H and 3320H (3300H); or CHEM 2200H and CHEM-BIOL 2300H.

Cross-listed: CHEM-4300H

A survey of the questions that are of greatest interest to biochemists. Relies extensively on reading and understanding primary literature sources published within the last four years. Students give presentations in class as part of the course evaluation. Prerequisite: CHEM-BIOL 3310H and 3320H (3300H).

Cross-listed: CHEM-4310H

Emphasizes the causes and consequences of global environmental change and their interactions with ecological processes in freshwater ecosystems. Issues such as biodiversity, population growth and water use, global warming, land use, emergent diseases, dams, aquaculture, fisheries, water supply, and sustainability are discussed. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including MATH 1052H, one of BIOL 2000H or BIOL-ERSC 2260H, and 1.0 BIOL and/or ERSC credit at the 3000 level. Recommended: GEOG-BIOL-ERSC 2080H.

Cross-listed: ERSC-4330H

Biological stoichiometry is the study of balance of energy and multiple chemical elements in living systems including its effects on organismal biochemistry, nutrition, physiology, and ecological dynamics. This course focuses on the principles, application, and recent advances in the field of biological stoichiometry. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including one of BIOL 2070H or BIOL-ERSC 2260H and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Introduces the symptoms of various diseases and the disordered physiological processes that cause these symptoms. Seminars examine specific diseases through discussion of case studies. By the end of the course, students should be able to understand and describe how physiological processes are altered in various common diseased states. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including either BIOL 1051H and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level, or one of BIOL 3830H or 3840H and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level. Not open to students with credit for BIOL 4350H or 4360H.

You are a superorganism whose body hosts more gut microbes than human cells. How do these microbes colonize us and subsequently impact our health, metabolism, and even brain function? How are our gut microbes affected by antibiotics? This course explores how our gut microbial ecosystem can impact our body. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 3250H and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

All cells in multi-cellular organisms including humans contain the same DNA, but the control of genes determines the function and identity of each cell type. This course discusses mechanisms controlling gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and explains relevant laboratory techniques. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 3080H and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

An apprenticeship at a collaborating agency working in biological conservation. Students assist in a project pertaining to research and conservation of living things for the equivalent of approximately six hours per week. Evaluation is based on a written appraisal from the agency, as well as a written report and an oral presentation. Course is graded on a pass/fail basis. Open only to Honours students in Biology or Conservation Biology. Prerequisite: A minimum cumulative average of 75% and 13.5 university credits including BIOL-ERSC 2260H, BIOL 3391H, and BIOL 3600H. Enrolment is limited and competitive. Students must apply in the academic year before enrolment in the course. Application forms may be obtained from the department website at trentu.ca/biology/experience and must be submitted to the placement officer. BIOL 4400Y may be taken jointly with BIOL 4010Y where the project warrants, but the student may not receive credit for a single-credit thesis in another department or program.

Urban ecology is a unique branch of ecology that focuses on heavily altered environments and their distinct communities that include humans. Course subjects include nature in the city, the urban environment, and nature connectedness. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL-ERSC 3380H and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Examines human dietary behaviour as a product of interactions among ecology, culture, and biology. It focuses on basic nutritional and ecological principles, diet from evolutionary, comparative, and historical perspectives, cultural factors influencing diet, food as medicine, and the impact of under-nutrition on human physiology and behaviour. Prerequisite: ANTH 2410H (or 2400Y) or permission of instructor.

Cross-listed: ANTH-4440H, SAFS-4440H

Analysis of animal and plant population demography, including theoretical population ecology, population size and survival estimation, patterns and mechanisms in population growth and regulation, multispecies population dynamics, harvesting, and population projection models. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 3380H and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Examines the quantitative assessment of biological parameters impacting species and populations at risk under governmental species-at-risk legislation. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 3391H, 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level, and one of BIOL-FRSC 2050H or BIOL 2260H.

Cross-listed: FRSC-4510H

Examines the biology of animal and plant invasions, focusing on the life history adaptations and dispersal strategies which contribute to their success at both the individual and population levels. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL-ERSC 2260H and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

An in-depth exploration of a topical issue in biological sciences from the perspectives of multiple subdisciplines that may include ecology, evolution, genetics, immunology, virology, physiology, cell biology, and microbiology. Examines how these disciplines can collectively enhance our ability to understand and potentially manage issues such as pandemics, pathogens, biological invasions, and adaptations to stress. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 75% in completed BIOL courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 2000H, 2050H, 2070H, 2260H, 2600H, and 2.0 BIOL credits at the 3000 level.

Students gain knowledge of microbes and other biological agents used in criminal endeavours and an overview of the methods used to detect crimes involving biological agents and link them to individual perpetrators. Bioterrorism and agricultural bioterrorism are discussed. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in FRSC 1010H and 1011H; and one of BIOL 3080H, FRSC 3000H, FRSC 3111H, or BIOL 3250H.

Cross-listed: FRSC-4570H

This seminar-based course introduces students to the application of DNA profiling to forensics, medical genetics, and natural resource management (molecular ecology/conservation genetics). Prerequisite: 10.0 university credits including BIOL-FRSC 3700H (or 3620H).

Cross-listed: FRSC-4600H

Explores the processes shaping adaptive evolution and key aspects of organismal fitness, including life spans, sex, and gender. Seminars reinforce lecture material, but also cover additional topics. Two writing assignments provide opportunities for independent study. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL-ERSC 2260H, BIOL 2600H, and 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Epigenetics is the study of gene functions that are mitotically and/or meiotically heritable, but which do not entail a change in the sequence of DNA. This course reviews these epigenetics mechanisms and discusses how they influence cellular identity, development, predisposition to disease, tumorigenesis, and onset of neurological disorders. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses and 12.0 university credits including BIOL 3080H and 0.5 additional BIOL credit at the 3000 level.

Biological data has grown in size and complexity. Bioinformatics-the application of computer programming to the management and analysis of biological information-is necessary for storing, manipulating, and analyzing large datasets. A tutorial-based computer lab focusing on genome sequence data allows students to learn the basics of computer programming and bioinformatics. Prerequisite: FRSC-BIOL 2050H and one of FRSC-BIOL 3700H or BIOL 3600H.

Cross-listed: FRSC-4800H

Explores the interactions between the central nervous and endocrine systems, focusing on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Examines the control of hormone release, including neurotransmitter modulation and steroid feedback during both homeostatic and stressor-induced states. Also, the interaction among stressors, behaviour, the endocrine system, and disease is considered. Prerequisite: 12.0 university credits including 65% or higher in one of BIOL-PSYC 3210H, BIOL 3840H, PSYC-BIOL 3220H, or PSYC 4225H.

Cross-listed: PSYC-4840H

Students are placed in research projects with community organizations in the Peterborough area. Each placement is supervised jointly by a faculty member and a representative of a community organization. For details see Community-Based Research Program. Prerequisite: A minimum cumulative average of 75% and 13.5 university credits including 1.0 BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM credit at the 3000 level. Not open to students with credit for BIOL 3890Y or 3891H.

Students are placed in research projects with community organizations in the Peterborough area. Each placement is supervised jointly by a faculty member and a representative of a community organization. For details see Community-Based Research Program. Prerequisite: A minimum cumulative average of 75% and 13.5 university credits including 1.0 BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM credit at the 3000 level. Not open to students with credit for BIOL 3890Y or 3891H.

Provides an opportunity for independent research under the guidance of a faculty member, requiring students to generate novel data and/or conduct original analyses using existing data to address a question in biological science. Prerequisite: A minimum average of 75% in BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses completed and 12.0 university credits including 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level. Application forms may be obtained from the department website at trentu.ca/biology/experience. All University deadlines as specified in the Academic Calendar apply.

Provides an opportunity for more intensive or broader study of a selected topic under the guidance of a faculty member. Prerequisite: A minimum average of 75% in BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses completed and 12.0 university credits including 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level. Application forms may be obtained from the department website at trentu.ca/biology/experience. All University deadlines as specified in the Academic Calendar apply.

Provides an opportunity for more intensive or broader study of a selected topic under the guidance of a faculty member. Prerequisite: A minimum average of 75% in BIOL, BIOC, and/or BIOM courses completed and 12.0 university credits including 1.0 BIOL credit at the 3000 level. Application forms may be obtained from the department website at trentu.ca/biology/experience. All University deadlines as specified in the Academic Calendar apply.