Courses

An introduction to the theoretical framework of accrual accounting and the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Includes the preparation and analysis of financial statements, double-entry accounting, and the accounting cycle. Professional ethics, behaviour, and corporate social responsibility are integrated into the context of control and accountability. Excludes ADMN 1021H, 2021H.

Wherever and whenever information is required, an information system is also required. Core topics include the use of information systems for strategic advantage, their basic underlying technologies, the types of information systems and how they are constructed, managed, and replaced, as well as their ethical and legal use. Prerequisite: COIS 1010H.

Cross-listed: COIS-1620H

Builds on Financial Accounting I, focusing on the limitations, controversies, problems, and shortcomings with accounting and accounting information. Students analyze financial statements and critically evaluate financial reports. Professional ethics, behaviour, and corporate social responsibility are integrated into the context of control and accountability. Prerequisite: ADMN 1021H.

Introduces statistical methods in an applied setting with an emphasis on the development of theory through interactive learning. The material covered includes descriptive statistics, data analysis, inference, and estimation techniques. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in ECON 1010H and 1020H.

Cross-listed: ECON-2200H

Topics include partial and general equilibrium, elementary linear algebra, elementary calculus, basic optimization theory, comparative static analysis, and linear programming. These tools are integrated with and applied to micro and macroeconomic theory and managerial economics. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in ECON 1010H and 1020H.

Cross-listed: ECON-2250H

Businesses today must effectively leverage the Internet and develop an online strategy which complements their traditional business practices. Core topics include website best practices, online marketing and customer relationships, positioning businesses online, and social networking for small and large enterprises. Topics are consolidated with a professional business proposal. Prerequisite: COIS-ADMN 1620H or ADMN 1000H or permission of instructor.

Cross-listed: COIS-3750H

Bridges academic theory with field-based learning. Working with local agencies in the community, students combine field experience with reflective practice. Students interview for various placements identified by the School of Business, or if approved by the School of Business, students may secure their own learning opportunity. Prerequisite: A minimum 72% cumulative average, 12.0 university credits of which 5.0 must be ADMN credits, and permission of course administrator. Excludes ADMN 3870H.

A second opportunity to bridge academic theory with field-based learning. Again, working with local agencies, students receive a real-life learning opportunity either at a new agency or by returning to the first placement host. Students interview for various placements identified by the School of Business, or if approved by the School of Business, students may secure their own learning opportunity. Prerequisite: A minimum 72% cumulative average, 12.0 university credits of which 5.0 must be ADMN credits including ADMN 4870H (or 3870H), and permission of course administrator.

Introduces students to the role of ancient Greek and Latin in technical terminology and generates a core vocabulary of words and word parts to better comprehend complex etymologies. A modular approach allows students to target specific streams in science, medicine, law, and other fields. No prior knowledge of Greek or Latin needed. Not for credit toward a major or minor in Ancient Greek & Roman Studies.

An introduction to the history, theory, methods, and findings of cultural anthropology, the ethnographic study of contemporary peoples' ways of living and thinking. This course surveys systems of exchange, kinship, politics, and belief across cultures. Excludes ANTH 2000Y.

What is it like to live in different cultures and come to see the world as they do? Through in-depth encounters with several of the world's cultures through ethnographies, this course provides a cross-cultural understanding of humankind. Excludes ANTH 2000Y.

Students learn about the roles of evolution, disease, and death in shaping modern human and non-human primate biology, behaviour, and distribution. Students learn more about research methods and applications of this research. Topics covered include evolution, infectious disease, growth and development, forensic anthropology, skeletal anatomy, and nutrition. Prerequisite: ANTH 1001H or 1010H (or 1000Y) or permission of instructor. Excludes ANTH 2400Y.

Explores the spatial dimension of archaeological data and its relationship to ecology and human behaviour. Approaches to the distributions of artifacts and sites, the organization of buildings and settlements, and the interactions between cultures are discussed. Both techniques of analysis and interpretive concepts are presented. Prerequisite: ANTH 2121H and 2122H (or 2120Y), or permission of instructor.

Focuses on worlds creating in playable media (games), including both massively multiple online games (MMOGs) and tabletop role-playing games. "Virtual" society is now an increasingly taken-for-granted aspect of everyday sociality. This course develops tools and theories for the study of virtual worlds, online and offline. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits.

Cross-listed: COIS-3745H, MDST-3745H

An examination of the biological principles underlying questions concerning biodiversity and evolution. Begins with a discussion of biodiversity and the implications of its loss. This is followed by consideration of the evolution of life on earth, exploring the underlying processes of natural selection and ecological interactions. Prerequisite: 4U Biology or its equivalent or permission of the department.

Designed to explore the role of selected cellular and physiological systems in the maintenance of homeostasis in animals under varying environmental conditions, as well as the molecular basis of hereditary and environmental variation. Prerequisite: 4U Biology or its equivalent. Excludes BIOM 1000H.

Designed to provide a basic understanding of the structure of the human body using a systems approach. In order to gain an appreciation of the complexity of the human body, it is examined on both a microscopic and macroscopic level. Prerequisite: 4U Biology and Chemistry. Recommended: 4U Kinesiology.

Designed to provide a basic understanding of the function of the human body using a systems approach. A central theme is the mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis under normal, healthy conditions. Prerequisite: 4U Biology and Chemistry. Recommended: 4U Kinesiology, BIOL 1050H.

Develops a basic understanding of genetics. Mendelian inheritance, chromosome structure, genetic recombination, mutation, the structure of DNA, the nature of genes, and current topics in genetics are investigated using examples from plants, animals, insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1030H or BIOM 1000H, and 60% or higher in one of BIOL 1020H or 1050H.

Cross-listed: FRSC-2050H

An introduction to cell structure and function, including the organization, physiology, architecture, and interactions of cells. Cellular mechanisms of differentiation, development, cancer, and the immune response are explored. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1030H or BIOM 1000H. Recommended: CHEM 1000H and 1010H.

Covers commonly-used statistical tools in Biology, Geography, and Environmental & Resource Science. Lectures address basic statistical methods and background theory. Workshops involve computer-based assignments providing practical experience in statistical application. Prerequisite: One of GEOG 1030H or 1040H or 1050H; or ERSC 1000Y; or both ERSC 1010H and 1020H; or both BIOL 1020H and 1030H.

Cross-listed: GEOG-2080H, ERSC-2080H

A study of the pattern of the evolution of life over the past billion years focusing on key events and transitions, and the underlying processes that made them happen. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 2050H.

A study of the four basic animal tissue types and how these tissues are subsequently organized into organ systems. An important emphasis is the relation of tissue form to function. Prerequisite: 7.5 university credits and 60% or higher in BIOL 2070H or permission of instructor.

Examines the quantitative assessment of biological parameters impacting species and populations at risk under governmental species-at-risk legislation. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL courses and 10.0 university credits including BIOL-FRSC 2050H or BIOL 2260H.

Cross-listed: FRSC-4510H

An introduction to the conflicts, contexts, and challenges of Canada and what it means to be Canadian. Exploring social, political, and cultural upheavals to the land itself, topics may include colonization and conquest, identity, regional conflict, representations from Riel to hockey, immigration, and art. Excludes CAST 1000Y.

Examines the nature of Indigenous relationships with Canada and the impact those relationships have had upon Indigenous peoples and communities. The course engages with different understandings of self-government and sovereignty. Prerequisite: 0.5 INDG, CAST, or POST credit. Excludes INDG-POST 2000Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-2001H, POST-2001H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Examines the nature of Indigenous resurgence and contemporary struggles within the state. By understanding the different ways in which Indigenous peoples are reclaiming and revisioning their current relationships, students become aware of the impact Indigenous resurgence is having on Indigenous communities. Prerequisite: 0.5 INDG, CAST, or POST credit. Excludes INDG-POST 2000Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-2002H, POST-2002H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Was Louis Riel a traitor who deserved to be executed? Did diplomat Herbert Norman kill himself because of American accusations that he was a Communist? Was the bombing of Air India Flight 182 "Canada's 9/11"? This course uses such episodes to explore political, social, economic, and cultural changes in Canada. Prerequisite: 3.0 university credits or permission of the chair. Excludes HIST-CAST 2350Y. Students may take only one of HIST-CAST 2360Y or 2361H for credit.

Cross-listed: HIST-2360Y

Introduces students to major themes in the Canadian Northern history, from pre-contact to the creation of the territory of Nunavut in 1999. The major themes focus on evolving cultural, political, socio-economic, and environmental histories. Prerequisite: 6.0 university credits.

Explores issues in the contemporary Canadian North with a focus on social, political, economic, and environmental issues. Students are encouraged to critically examine Canada's Northern strategies and compare these to the social and economic priorities of Arctic leaders and Indigenous peoples living in remote Northern communities. Prerequisite: 6.0 university credits.

Study of selected aspects of the Polar regions with considerable reference to northern Canada but with the deliberate intention of developing comparisons between it and other parts of the Polar regions. Prerequisite: GEOG 1030H and one of 1040H or 1050H, or permission of instructor.

Cross-listed: GEOG-3640H

An introduction to the Chinese language for beginners. Covers the phonology, elementary syntax, and characters of Chinese, and develops cultural awareness. Students receive training in listening and speaking, in recognizing both simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and in using Pin Yin and Chinese character dictionaries. Students whose level of Chinese is judged by the instructor to be too advanced may not receive credit for this course. Excludes CHIN 1000Y.

An introduction to the Chinese language for beginners. Covers the phonology, elementary syntax, and characters of Chinese, and develops cultural awareness. Students receive training in listening and speaking, in recognizing both simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and in using Pin Yin and Chinese character dictionaries. Students whose level of Chinese is judged by the instructor to be too advanced may not receive credit for this course. Excludes CHIN 1000Y.

Digital systems have redefined how we work, communicate, and play-just think about the World Wide Web, mobile camera phones, video games, and e-business. Core topics examine the underlying technologies of both computing and information systems and how they have become an integral and indispensable part of our daily lives.

Cross-listed: MDST-1010H

Develops a solid foundation in the main concepts of data science and programming in Python. Core topics include repetition and selection structures, algorithm design techniques, file types, big data, data mining, and data visualization. Pre- or co-requisite: COIS 1020H.

Wherever and whenever information is required, an information system is also required. Core topics include the use of information systems for strategic advantage, their basic underlying technologies, the types of information systems and how they are constructed, managed, and replaced, as well as their ethical and legal use. Prerequisite: COIS 1010H.

Cross-listed: ADMN-1620H

Digital logic describes how computer hardware actually works at the logic gate and circuit level. Core topics include Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps, the minimization of Boolean functions and the design of combinational and sequential circuits, including adders, decoders, multiplexers, flip-flops, and memory circuits. Prerequisite: COIS 1020H or 1520H.

Computer crime is the fastest-growing area of illegal activity in the world. Users beware After some background information (how computers work, number systems, information-hiding algorithms), we examine the schemes and techniques used by computer criminals, the forensic techniques used to catch the criminals, and ways to prevent victimization. Recommended prerequisite: COIS 1010H.

Cross-listed: FRSC-2750H

Enables students to develop their own positions about the most important social and moral problems raised by computer use and technologies, including the fragmentation of society into computer "haves" and "have-nots," Internet censorship, pornography, intellectual property rights, and software piracy. Prerequisite: 7.0 university credits or permission of department chair.

Cross-listed: PHIL-3370H, MDST-3370H

Focuses on worlds creating in playable media (games), including both massively multiple online games (MMOGs) and tabletop role-playing games. "Virtual" society is now an increasingly taken-for-granted aspect of everyday sociality. This course develops tools and theories for the study of virtual worlds, online and offline. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits.

Cross-listed: ANTH-3745H, MDST-3745H

Businesses today must effectively leverage the Internet and develop an online strategy which complements their traditional business practices. Core topics include website best practices, online marketing and customer relationships, positioning businesses online, and social networking for small and large enterprises. Topics are consolidated with a professional business proposal. Prerequisite: COIS-ADMN 1620H or ADMN 1000H or permission of instructor.

Cross-listed: ADMN-3750H

The history of digital computation is relatively recent, but all around us. By introducing the key people whose insight, inventiveness, and industry have defined the digital world, a framework is developed within which all students can appreciate the fundamental milestones of computing and their impact on the world. Prerequisite: 5.0 university credits.

Cross-listed: MDST-3820H

Artificial intelligence is the study of those techniques which create perceptions of "machine intelligence" and "intelligent agents." Topics may include but are not limited to expert systems, various evolutionary learning systems such as genetic algorithms, genetic programming, and neural networks. The impact and ethics of artificial intelligence are also examined. Prerequisite: 10.0 university credits including one of COIS 1020H, 1520H, or 1620H.

Offers opportunities to practice new media literacies, including those related to online learning, while also providing theoretical frameworks through which to better understand these same literacies and practices. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits.

Exploration of popular music after the emergence of rock and roll that engages theoretical, historical, and cultural contexts for discussing specific generations of music between 1945 and 2014. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits.

War and revolution, finance capitalism, political advertising-all involve a triangulation of technical media, perception, and power. Exploring the history of this media/perception/politics nexus, the course also focuses directly on the rise of social media and Tweets as objects of political communication and as strategies and tools of politics. Prerequisite: POST 2351H and 2352H (or 2350Y); or CUST 1535H (or 1035Y); or permission of the instructor.

Cross-listed: POST-3475H

Examines one of the most important cultural movements of the twentieth century-modernism. It traces this movement from its genesis in the dynamic city culture of the fin de siecle, to its embodiment in avant-garde art, literature, and cinema, and concludes by considering its problematic transition into postmodernism. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits. Students may take only one of CUST 3015Y or 3515H for credit.

An introductory treatment of markets, prices, and outputs based on the behaviour of consumers, business firms, and the structure and organization of industries. Selected economic and social policies, including taxation, international markets, and trade policy, are also examined.

An introductory study of the total economy in terms of GDP, employment, unemployment, prices, and inflation using simple economic models. The Canadian banking system, monetary policy, the government sector, government budgets, and fiscal policy are examined. Selected aspects of international trade, the balance of payments, and exchange rates are included.

An introduction to aging from critical perspectives. Drawing on multidisciplinary perspectives within the Trent Centre for Aging and Society, this course provides a foundation for understanding and analyzing the meaning and significance of aging for individuals, communities, and societies. Topics include life course influences, representations, and problematization of aging, and places for aging. Open to non-Nursing students.

Cross-listed: NURS-2015H, SOCI-2015H

Introduces statistical methods in an applied setting with an emphasis on the development of theory through interactive learning. The material covered includes descriptive statistics, data analysis, inference, and estimation techniques. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in ECON 1010H and 1020H.

Cross-listed: ADMN-2200H

Topics include partial and general equilibrium, elementary linear algebra, elementary calculus, basic optimization theory, comparative static analysis, and linear programming. These tools are integrated with and applied to micro and macroeconomic theory and managerial economics. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in ECON 1010H and 1020H.

Cross-listed: ADMN-2250H

The subject of a million popular songs and poems, all great films, and all of Shakespeare's tragedies, love and hate still defeat us. This course looks at how love and hate are represented in poetry, popular song, drama, and fiction and asks, if "love alters not," why is it that "love will tear us apart"? Excludes ENGL 1000Y.

Explores intersections between medicine and literature with particular attention to the representation of outbreaks and pandemics in historical and contemporary fiction, graphic novels, dystopian works, and film. What does it mean to narrate contagion? What might fictions of contagion teach us about our communities, our priorities, and our (in)humanity? Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits.

A study of children's literature from the eighteenth century to the present, addressing such topics as folk and fairy tales, the eighteenth-century popular press, the late nineteenth-century cult of the child, illustration, the "Golden Age," and contemporary novels for middle-grade and YA readers. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits including 1.0 ENGL credit. Excludes ENGL 3810Y.

An examination of literary and theoretical texts that interrogate the political, economic, and cultural effects of globalization. How does identity work if everyone's hybrid? Does nationality matter in a world run by transnational corporations? What does "authentic" mean in this brave new McWorld? Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits.

Despite the fact that mystical experience has traditionally been deemed "ineffable," or indescribable, volumes of literature have been written describing and reflecting on it. This course examines such texts in the English literary tradition with an eye to uncovering the ways in which language is used to say the unsayable. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits. Offered only at Trent University Durham.

See trentu.ca/english for details. Prerequisite: 4.0 ENGL credits (or permission of the department). Students may take only one of ENGL 4150Y or 4151H for credit.

An interdisciplinary inquiry into the biophysical and social foundations that enable the study of environmental issues, emphasizing the scientific, political, social, economic, and historical dimensions of environmental issues. These dimensions are examined through a series of issues including climate change, air pollution, land and resource use, biodiversity and protected areas, contaminants, and water quality and quantity. Excludes ERSC 1000Y.

Covers commonly-used statistical tools in Biology, Geography, and Environmental & Resource Science. Lectures address basic statistical methods and background theory. Workshops involve computer-based assignments providing practical experience in statistical application. Prerequisite: One of GEOG 1030H or 1040H or 1050H; or ERSC 1000Y; or both ERSC 1010H and 1020H; or both BIOL 1020H and 1030H.

Cross-listed: GEOG-2080H, BIOL-2080H

Introduces the fundamentals of GIS technology and applications. The essentials of GIS structural components, spatial data models, and the analytical GIS operations on such data models are examined in detail. Experience with GIS analysis is gained through laboratory exercises. Prerequisite: One of GEOG 1030H or 1040H or 1050H; or ERSC 1000Y; or both ERSC 1010H and 1020H; or both BIOL 1020H and 1030H. Elementary or intermediate-level experience with microcomputers and their operating systems is desirable.

Cross-listed: GEOG-2090H

The roles of science in current environmental controversies. Topics examine science and environmental ethics, the application of science to natural resource management, the contribution of science to action on international environmental problems such as climate change, and the role of science in making decisions about environmental risks. Prerequisite: 1.0 ERSC or POST credit at the 1000 level.

Cross-listed: POST-2100H

Explores the lands and environments that define the Circumpolar region and identifies the key issues involving interaction between humans and their environments, examining climate change and its impacts on landscapes, biodiversity, and ecological systems. Provides a broad foundation for the study of circumpolar peoples, economies, landscapes, communities, and adaptation to climate change.

Cross-listed: GEOG-2320H

Provides students with an in-depth understanding of the key issues which define the future of resources and resource use in the Circumpolar North. Focuses upon the challenges of resource management for governments and communities, and assesses the potential conflicts derived from resource use. Prerequisite: GEOG 1045H and GEOG-ERST 2320H, or permission of the instructor.

Cross-listed: GEOG-2330H

Develops a basic appreciation of the most important contemporary challenges surrounding governance and politics, social issues, education and knowledge systems, and global issues in the circumpolar regions of the North. It explores the complexity and inter-relatedness of governance, social policy, gender, indigeneity, and law.

Cross-listed: GEOG-3390H

Introduces students to the multidisciplinary subject area of circumpolar health with an emphasis on environment and its changing nature as a determinant of health for Indigenous and non-Indigenous residents of the North. Prerequisite: GEOG 1045H and INDG 3745H, or permission of the instructor.

Cross-listed: INDG-3740H

An introduction to textual comprehension, providing a basis for the critical appraisal of French and francophone literary discourse. Review of French grammar. Prerequisite: 4U/M French or permission of instructor. Excludes FREN 1100Y.

A creative writing workshop. Various writing techniques are applied; genres (poetry, short story, etc.) are explored through writing. Prerequisite: 5.0 FREN credits including 4.0 beyond the 1000 level, with a minimum of 60% in each; or permission of the department.

Introduces students to forensic investigations and crime scene processing. Students are instructed how to gather and document scientific evidence while processing crime scenes in the crime scene house, and then present their findings as written reports, and as expert witnesses in a courtroom setting.

Introduces students to forensic science by exploring multiple disciplines, including forensic psychology, chemistry, entomology, pathology, and dentistry, plus DNA forensics, wildlife forensics, arson investigation, food forensics, and bioterrorism. Students are also instructed in investigative procedures using the crime scene house. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in FRSC 1011H. Excludes FRSC 1010H.

Develops a basic understanding of genetics. Mendelian inheritance, chromosome structure, genetic recombination, mutation, the structure of DNA, the nature of genes, and current topics in genetics are investigated using examples from plants, animals, insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in BIOL 1030H or BIOM 1000H, and 60% or higher in one of BIOL 1020H or 1050H.

Cross-listed: BIOL-2050H

Computer crime is the fastest-growing area of illegal activity in the world. Users beware After some background information (how computers work, number systems, information-hiding algorithms), we examine the schemes and techniques used by computer criminals, the forensic techniques used to catch the criminals, and ways to prevent victimization. Recommended prerequisite: COIS 1010H.

Cross-listed: COIS-2750H

DNA has revolutionized how human forensic investigations take place, yet there are a myriad of non-human applications of DNA technology, including food, wildlife, environmental, and bioterrorism forensics, the tracking of sources of disease outbreaks, and invasive species detection. Theoretical and practical foundations and techniques of DNA analysis are examined through forensic case reviews and in labs. Prerequisite: BIOL-FRSC 2050H, 3700H (or 3620H), and BIOL 3080H.

Examines the quantitative assessment of biological parameters impacting species and populations at risk under governmental species-at-risk legislation. Prerequisite: A minimum overall average of 65% in completed BIOL courses and 10.0 university credits including BIOL-FRSC 2050H or BIOL 2260H.

Cross-listed: BIOL-4510H

Introduces students to the landscape, peoples, and issues of the circumpolar region. Beginning with an examination of the geography, biological, and physical systems of the Subarctic and Arctic, the course then turns to the Indigenous and contemporary peoples of the region.

Covers commonly-used statistical tools in Biology, Geography, and Environmental & Resource Science. Lectures address basic statistical methods and background theory. Workshops involve computer-based assignments providing practical experience in statistical application. Prerequisite: One of GEOG 1030H or 1040H or 1050H; or ERSC 1000Y; or both ERSC 1010H and 1020H; or both BIOL 1020H and 1030H; or BIOM 1000H.

Cross-listed: ERSC-2080H, BIOL-2080H

Introduces the fundamentals of GIS technology and applications. The essentials of GIS structural components, spatial data models, and the analytical GIS operations on such data models are examined in detail. Experience with GIS analysis is gained through laboratory exercises. Prerequisite: One of GEOG 1030H or 1040H or 1050H; or ERSC 1000Y; or both ERSC 1010H and 1020H; or both BIOL 1020H and 1030H. Elementary or intermediate-level experience with microcomputers and their operating systems is desirable.

Cross-listed: ERSC-2090H

Explores the lands and environments that define the Circumpolar region and identifies the key issues involving interaction between humans and their environments, examining climate change and its impacts on landscapes, biodiversity, and ecological systems. Provides a broad foundation for the study of circumpolar peoples, economies, landscapes, communities, and adaptation to climate change.

Cross-listed: ERST-2320H

Provides students with an in-depth understanding of the key issues which define the future of resources and resource use in the Circumpolar North. Focuses upon the challenges of resource management for governments and communities, and assesses the potential conflicts derived from resource use. Prerequisite: GEOG 1045H and GEOG-ERST 2320H, or permission of the instructor.

Cross-listed: ERST-2330H

Explores Indigenous peoples and the contemporary urban environment using a four directions analytic framework and the metaphor of city as home. Excludes INDG 3200Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-3201H

Explores Indigenous peoples' issues and experiences in selected urban environments in Canada and the world. Excludes INDG 3200Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-3202H

Develops a basic appreciation of the most important contemporary challenges surrounding governance and politics, social issues, education and knowledge systems, and global issues in the circumpolar regions of the North. It explores the complexity and inter-relatedness of governance, social policy, gender, indigeneity, and law.

Cross-listed: ERST-3390H

Study of selected aspects of the Polar regions with considerable reference to northern Canada but with the deliberate intention of developing comparisons between it and other parts of the Polar regions. Prerequisite: GEOG 1030H and one of 1040H or 1050H, or permission of instructor.

Cross-listed: CAST-3640H

Examines themes in world history before 1800, paying special attention to Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Excludes HIST 1400Y, 1700Y.

Examines themes in world history since 1800, paying special attention to Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Explores the creation of a global division between rich and poor nations. Excludes HIST 1400Y, 1700Y.

Explores Indigenous histories and grounding history in lands, knowledges, languages, and genders. Examines methodologies such as oral narratives, orality, and land-based research along with methods for gathering knowledge related to Indigenous histories. Explores scholarly positionality as historians, research ethics, and the various formats being used to articulate Indigenous histories. Recommended prerequisite: INDG 1001H. Excludes INDG 2305Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-2306H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Explores the multifaceted encounters that resulted from European colonialism. The focus of the course is on the lives and experiences of Indigenous peoples in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific basin to develop a comprehensive understanding of colonialism and resistance on a global scale. Prerequisite: INDG 2306H. Excludes INDG-HIST 2305Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-2307H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Was Louis Riel a traitor who deserved to be executed? Did diplomat Herbert Norman kill himself because of American accusations that he was a Communist? Was the bombing of Air India Flight 182 "Canada's 9/11"? This course uses such episodes to explore political, social, economic, and cultural changes in Canada. Prerequisite: 3.0 university credits or permission of the chair. Excludes HIST-CAST 2350Y. Students may take only one of HIST-CAST 2360Y or 2361H for credit.

Cross-listed: CAST-2360Y

An examination of Canada's participation in military action during the 20th century, including World War I and II, Korea, and more recent conflicts. Prerequisite: 3.0 university credits or permission of the chair.

A historical survey of slavery, slave trading, and the contested meanings of freedom in Africa, Brazil, Cuba, the United States, and the Caribbean. We examine revolutions, revolts, being bought and sold, representations of blackness, slave cultures, health, belief systems (Voodoo, Santeria, Obeah), abolition, post-emancipation disporas, and reparations. Prerequisite: 3.0 university credits or permission of the chair.

Examines the First World War from a global perspective. Through assigned readings, written assignments, and online discussions, students examine topics ranging from military operations in all the major theatres to studies of the war's impact on the European and North American home fronts. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits or permission of the chair. Excludes HIST 3350Y, 4370Y.

During the Second World War there were significant developments in military tactics and technology, but also in societal norms, ideology, and morality. This intensive course provides a detailed chronologicalthematic overview of some of this conflict's most important themes, controversies, and historical debates. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits or permission of the chair. Excludes HIST 3360Y, 4360Y.

Provides a foundation for an informed and critical discussion of Indigenous peoples in Canada and the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples, cultures, societies, and states. The course explores the rationale for and need for the Canadian national project of reconciliation. Excludes INDG 1000Y.

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Examines a selection of critical incidents in Indigenous life and history. Using the lens of cultural and political reimagination we examine and discuss issues and ideas that shape the daily lives of Indigenous peoples in Canada and the world. Excludes INDG 1000Y.

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Examines the nature of Indigenous relationships with Canada and the impact those relationships have had upon Indigenous peoples and communities. The course engages with different understandings of self-government and sovereignty. Prerequisite: 0.5 INDG, CAST, or POST credit. Excludes INDG-POST 2000Y.

Cross-listed: CAST-2001H, POST-2001H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Examines the nature of Indigenous resurgence and contemporary struggles within the state. By understanding the different ways in which Indigenous peoples are reclaiming and revisioning their current relationships, students become aware of the impact Indigenous resurgence is having on Indigenous communities. Prerequisite: 0.5 INDG, CAST, or POST credit. Excludes INDG-POST 2000Y.

Cross-listed: CAST-2002H, POST-2002H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Provides context for past and current portrayal of Indigenous topics in the media. With a better understanding of Indigenous cultures, histories, and perspectives, students can report stories related to Indigenous peoples, and about Indigenous peoples, more effectively.

Cross-listed: MDST-2030H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Explores Indigenous histories and grounding history in lands, knowledges, languages, and genders. Examines methodologies such as oral narratives, orality, and land-based research along with methods for gathering knowledge related to Indigenous histories. Explores scholarly positionality as historians, research ethics, and the various formats being used to articulate Indigenous histories. Recommended prerequisite: INDG 1001H. Excludes INDG 2305Y.

Cross-listed: HIST-2306H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Explores the multifaceted encounters that resulted from European colonialism. The focus of the course is on the lives and experiences of Indigenous peoples in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific basin to develop a comprehensive understanding of colonialism and resistance on a global scale. Prerequisite: INDG 2306H. Excludes INDG-HIST 2305Y.

Cross-listed: HIST-2307H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

A beginner's course for students with little or no knowledge of the language, emphasizing the use and understanding of Nishnaabemowin through the learning of the basic vocabulary and sentence patterns in class and in the language laboratory. Open to firstyear students.

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

By examining the portrayal of First Nations Peoples and their cultures in mass media, this course will provide students with a better understanding of the power of television and film and the impacts of these images on the relationship, place and space occupied by Indigenous Peoples in contemporary society. Excludes INDG 3951.

Explores Indigenous peoples and the contemporary urban environment using a four directions analytic framework and the metaphor of city as home. Excludes INDG 3200Y.

Cross-listed: GEOG-3201H

Explores Indigenous peoples' issues and experiences in selected urban environments in Canada and the world. Excludes INDG 3200Y.

Cross-listed: GEOG-3202H

An introduction to the fundamental precepts, from both a philosophical and practical perspective, that form the foundation of Aboriginal law in Canada. The course content is taught with a balance of experiential learning exercises. Prerequisite: INDG 1001H (or 1000Y). Excludes INDG 3400Y.

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Introduces students to the multidisciplinary subject area of circumpolar health with an emphasis on environment and its changing nature as a determinant of health for Indigenous and non-Indigenous residents of the North. Prerequisite: GEOG 1045H and INDG 3745H, or permission of the instructor.

Cross-listed: ERST-3740H

An introduction to traditional and contemporary cultures of the Circumpolar region through traditional Indigenous and Western perspectives. Broad histories and experiences of the peoples of the Circumpolar North, and the development of northern cultures are explored. Similarities and differences of peoples and cultures and their adaptations to change are discussed.

A broad examination of circumpolar peoples in North America, Russia and northern Asia, Greenland, and northern Scandinavia. Notions of identity, culture, language, and self-determination are discussed, similarities and differences of northern peoples and cultures are examined, and their adaptations to change and roles as agents of change explored. Prerequisite: GEOG 1045H and INDG 3745H, or permission of the instructor.

Explores historical representations of several Indigenous women in what is now North America. Particular attention is paid to the symbolic uses of these women and how their bodies been put into the service of settler histories. Prerequisite: INDG 2306H. Excludes INDG-HIST-WMST 4205Y.

Cross-listed: WMST-4206H

Digital systems have redefined how we work, communicate, and play-just think about the World Wide Web, mobile camera phones, video games, and e-business. Core topics examine the underlying technologies of both computing and information systems and how they have become an integral and indispensable part of our daily lives.

Cross-listed: COIS-1010H

Provides context for past and current portrayal of Indigenous topics in the media. With a better understanding of Indigenous cultures, histories, and perspectives, students can report stories related to Indigenous peoples, and about Indigenous peoples, more effectively.

Cross-listed: INDG-2030H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Examines the role of popular culture in various forms-including live theatre, music, fashion, film, and television-within Canadian and American social movements of the twentieth century that sought to reimagine gender. Emphasizes the role of race, class, sexuality, ability, and medium in the production and consumption of protest cultures.

Cross-listed: WMST-2410H

Enables students to develop their own positions about the most important social and moral problems raised by computer use and technologies, including the fragmentation of society into computer "haves" and "have-nots," Internet censorship, pornography, intellectual property rights, and software piracy. Prerequisite: 7.0 university credits or permission of department chair.

Cross-listed: PHIL-3370H, COIS-3370H

Focuses on worlds creating in playable media (games), including both massively multiple online games (MMOGs) and tabletop role-playing games. "Virtual" society is now an increasingly taken-for-granted aspect of everyday sociality. This course develops tools and theories for the study of virtual worlds, online and offline. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits.

Cross-listed: ANTH-3745H, COIS-3745H

The history of digital computation is relatively recent, but all around us. By introducing the key people whose insight, inventiveness, and industry have defined the digital world, a framework is developed within which all students can appreciate the fundamental milestones of computing and their impact on the world. Prerequisite: 5.0 university credits.

Cross-listed: COIS-3820H

An introduction to aging from critical perspectives. Drawing on multidisciplinary perspectives within the Trent Centre for Aging and Society, this course provides a foundation for understanding and analyzing the meaning and significance of aging for individuals, communities, and societies. Topics include life course influences, representations, and problematization of aging, and places for aging. Open to non-Nursing students.

Cross-listed: ECON-2015H, SOCI-2015H

An introductory course in qualitative health research. Includes an overview of a wide variety collection and analysis of qualitative data, interpretation and dissemination of results, and critical appraisal of qualitative health research. NURS 2031H and 3031H fulfill the Mathematics requirement for the BScN. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in NURS 2031H (or 2030H) or in PSYC 2016H or both PSYC 2018H and 2019H. Excludes NURS 2030H, 3030H.

Seminar leading to the completion of an undergraduate thesis with emphasis on research methods linked to clinical practice. Specific topic to be defined in conjunction with the faculty advisor. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; a minimum cumulative average after 15.0 credits of 75%; and permission of department. Students must successfully complete both NURS 4011H and 4012H to receive university credit for the thesis. Excludes NURS 4010Y.

Seminar leading to the completion of an undergraduate thesis with emphasis on research methods linked to clinical practice. Specific topic to be defined in conjunction with the faculty advisor. Prerequisite: NURS 4011H and permission of department. Students must successfully complete both NURS 4011H and 4012H to receive university credit for the thesis. Excludes NURS 4010Y.

Students examine concept analysis, bringing clarity to practice. Links are made between theory and practice focusing on concepts critical to understanding the disruption to families in situations of death, transition, or crisis. Specific attention is paid to at-risk populations, including the young, elderly, Indigenous peoples, rural populations, women, and the homeless. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

Sensitizes students to the cultural diversity of healthrelated values, beliefs, and practices when planning professional interventions for clients' health and well-being. Focus is on caring and curing patterns and practice in relation to different health-illness systems in Canada and elsewhere. Methods for conducting culturological assessments are also included. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

Using a core framework for healthy work environments and related documents and legislation, exploration of issues, strategies, and outcomes relative to a climate of safety. Student learning is guided by the RNAO Best Practice Guideline, Healthy Work Environments: Workplace Health, Safety and Well-being of the Nurse, a discussion forum, and project proposal/development. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

Builds students' capacity to enact social justice by providing experiential opportunities with advocacy and action projects. Reflecting relational practice and systems-based advocacy skills, students implement emancipatory actions related to current nursing, health, and health care issues, with specific attention paid to aging, community-rural health, the environment, Indigenous peoples, and women's health. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

A critical examination of system structure, policymaking process, and relevant legislation, providing an overview of health policy formulation and implementation in Canada/Ontario. Public policy analysis and the role of interest groups are examined, focusing on the role of the nursing profession. Students examine and analyze contemporary health care policy issues. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

An opportunity to develop depth and breadth of knowledge and skills in nursing care of clients/ families with a variety of health and illness issues. Examination of theoretical and research literature relevant to transitions in health and the nurse's role in interdisciplinary teams. Application and integration with independent practice. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department. Excludes NURS 3905H, 4202H.

An opportunity to develop depth and breadth of knowledge and skills relevant to planning, implementation, delivery, and evaluation of primary health care. Examination of primary care in the Canadian context. Overview of research related to determinants of health. Exploration of other issues and challenges for specific populations. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

An opportunity to develop depth and breadth of knowledge and skills in nursing care of clients/families in rural settings. Examination of theoretical and research literature relevant to practice in a rural setting, the nurse's role, and challenges in the interdisciplinary teams in rural settings. Application and integration with independent practice. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

An opportunity to develop depth and breadth of knowledge in care of older adults. Building on the first three years of study, and drawing from current clinical experience, students are encouraged to examine the challenges, implications, and effects of aging on both the individual and family. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

Students develop a greater depth and breadth of knowledge and skills relevant to mental health care. Building on knowledge from previous professional and related courses, learners consider the concept of mental health/illness within the current Canadian context and selected other countries. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

Offers opportunities to develop depth and breadth of knowledge in caring for individuals/families dealing with dying and death, regardless of the setting. Building on previous courses and clinical experiences, students examine common issues which prevail throughout various illness trajectories. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of department.

Drawing from the meta-paradigm concepts of nursing science-person, health, environment, and nursing- the focus of this course is women's health and women-centered health care delivery in the Canadian context. Androcentric science, sex/gender-based analysis, and topics such as methadone and mothering, smoking as social control, and HPV vaccination are discussed. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of the department. For non-Nursing students: WMST 2121H and permission of the School of Nursing.

Cross-listed: WMST-4208H

An introduction to basic principles of good reasoning and argumentation in everyday life and various academic disciplines. Topics include argument structure and evaluation, clarity of expression, common mistakes in reasoning, inductive and deductive reasoning, and formal logic. Excludes PHIL 1004H, 1005Y, UNIV 1002H.

An examination of central issues in the field of biomedical ethics. Topics may include abortion; euthanasia and assisted suicide; stem cell research; genetics; reproductive technologies; scarce resources; research using human subjects. Prerequisite: 4.0 university credits or permission of department chair.

Enables students to develop their own positions about the most important social and moral problems raised by computer use and technologies, including the fragmentation of society into computer "haves" and "have-nots," Internet censorship, pornography, intellectual property rights, and software piracy. Prerequisite: 7.0 university credits or permission of department chair.

Cross-listed: COIS-3370H, MDST-3370H

A general science course accessible to all students. Topics include sky phenomena, the history of astronomy, telescopes and detectors, and an exploration of the Solar System. Excludes PHYS 1500Y. Not for credit for a major or minor in Physics.

Examines the nature of Indigenous relationships with Canada and the impact those relationships have had upon Indigenous peoples and communities. The course engages with different understandings of self-government and sovereignty. Prerequisite: 0.5 INDG, CAST, or POST credit. Excludes INDG-POST 2000Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-2001H, CAST-2001H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

Examines the nature of Indigenous resurgence and contemporary struggles within the state. By understanding the different ways in which Indigenous peoples are reclaiming and revisioning their current relationships, students become aware of the impact Indigenous resurgence is having on Indigenous communities. Prerequisite: 0.5 INDG, CAST, or POST credit. Excludes INDG-POST 2000Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-2002H, CAST-2002H

This course meets the Indigenous Course Requirement.

The roles of science in current environmental controversies. Topics examine science and environmental ethics, the application of science to natural resource management, the contribution of science to action on international environmental problems such as climate change, and the role of science in making decisions about environmental risks. Prerequisite: 1.0 ERSC or POST credit at the 1000 level.

Cross-listed: ERST-2100H

An introduction to the various forms of security in the international system-past, present, and those that are emerging to address new and future threats to the increased digitalization and interconnectedness of the global order.

War and revolution, finance capitalism, political advertising-all involve a triangulation of technical media, perception, and power. Exploring the history of this media/perception/politics nexus, the course also focuses directly on the rise of social media and Tweets as objects of political communication and as strategies and tools of politics. Prerequisite: POST 2351H and 2352H (or 2350Y); or CUST 1535H (or 1035Y); or permission of the instructor.

Cross-listed: CUST-3475H

A survey of some of the major areas of psychology, including its historical development and scientific methodology. Includes material on statistics, the biological bases of behaviour, sensory and perceptual processes, as well as a consideration of cognition and memory processes. (For information about web-based versions of this course contact the department.) Excludes PSYC 1010Y.

A survey of some of the major areas of psychology. Includes material on statistics, child and adult development, motivation and emotion, intelligence, personality, health psychology, psychological disorders and their treatment, as well as consideration of some aspects of social psychology. (For information about web-based versions of this course contact the department.) Excludes PSYC 1010Y.

Focuses on humans as processors of information. Topics include perception, attention, memory, knowledge, consciousness, and reasoning. Prerequisite: 60% or higher in PSYC 1020H and 1030H (or in PSYC 1010Y).

An intensive examination of how humans (and other species) perceive information presented to the senses. Topics include mechanisms of perception, detection, discrimination, and pattern recognition. Psychophysical measurement, colour and spatial vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch may be covered. Anatomical and physiological structures that support the senses are discussed. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including PSYC 2018H and 2019H (or 2016H and 2017H), and 0.5 credit from A2 category.

Exposes the student to current life-span developmental theory and research methodology in the area of family relationships. Topics include family-systems theory, attachment theory, Erikson's psychosocial theory, developmental interaction in the child-rearing years, family life transitions,challenging issues of contemporary parenting. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including PSYC 2550H or 2500H; or 60% or higher in PSYC 1020H and 1030H and 4.0 NURS credits.

An examination of the history of the meaning and use of dreams in various cultures; modern approaches to the study of dream material; relation of dreams to age, gender, social, and cultural groups using content analysis; correlation of dream content to mental and physical health; lucid dreaming. Prerequisite: 8.0 university credits including one of PSYC 2200H or 2310H.

An introduction to sociology's major thinkers, critical perspectives, theoretical foundations, research methods, and fields of inquiry. Course materials focus on the social forces and changes that shape culture, groups, social interaction, and institutions in Canadian and comparative contexts. Excludes SOCI 1000Y.

An examination of one or more sociological studies is used to develop students' understandings of social life, ranging from everyday social interaction to global social structures. Substantive areas in sociology that may be investigated include families, social inequalities, health, deviance, work, education, religion, communications, and social movements. Prerequisite: SOCI 1001H. Excludes SOCI 1000Y.

An introduction to aging from critical perspectives. Drawing on multidisciplinary perspectives within the Trent Centre for Aging and Society, this course provides a foundation for understanding and analyzing the meaning and significance of aging for individuals, communities, and societies. Topics include life course influences, representations, and problematization of aging, and places for aging. Open to non-Nursing students.

Cross-listed: NURS-2015H, ECON-2015H

An introduction to the Spanish language, with an emphasis on oral Spanish, pronunciation, reading, and writing. Students judged by the instructor to be fluent in Spanish may not receive credit for this course. Excludes HSST 1000Y, HSST/SPAN 1001H, 1002H.

An introduction to understanding, speaking, reading, and writing designed for students with limited or no knowledge of the language. The goal of the course is to encourage students to work towards developing control of everyday vocabulary and basic forms and constructions. Students judged by the instructor to be fluent in Spanish may not receive credit for this course. Excludes HSST 1000Y, 1001H, SPAN 1000Y.

Builds on the knowledge gained in HSST 1001H and continues to encourage students to work towards developing control of everyday vocabulary and basic forms and constructions. Seminar activities stress a communicative approach, which is reinforced through written exercises. Prerequisite: HSST 1001H or permission of instructor. Students judged by the instructor to be fluent in Spanish may not receive credit for this course. Excludes HSST 1000Y, 1002H, SPAN 1000Y.

An introduction to the profession of social work with an emphasis on its functions, values, ethics, and theoretical base. Methods of intervention, fields of practice, and ideological perspectives are explored, along with critical thinking about intersecting oppressions, diversity, and the practice of social work with various populations within Canadian and global contexts.

Cross-listed: SWRK-1000H

Provides students with an opportunity to engage in critical dialogue, reflection, and action about historical and contemporary experiences of African Canadians and Africans in the Diaspora. The course also focuses on awareness of Africentric theory and its application in social work practice with Africans and non-Africans. Prerequisite: Admission to BSW professional years or permission of the director.

Develops a critical understanding of human behaviour in the social environment through examining relevant theories, strategies, and social work practices. Assessment aimed at identifying factors that place individuals, families, and communities at risk for struggle across a variety of areas and developing strengths-based/resiliency intervention practices are highlighted. Prerequisite: 65% or higher in each of SWRK 4001H and 4002H.

Health humanities explores how the arts and media illuminate aesthetic, ethical, political, and contextual elements of health in everyday life, including but going beyond clinical encounters. With context in mind, students learn how humanities epistemologies enrich understandings of concepts central to health, such as diagnosis, disease, discrimination, and disability. Prerequisite: 3.0 university credits.

Examines the role of popular culture in various forms-including live theatre, music, fashion, film, and television-within Canadian and American social movements of the twentieth century that sought to reimagine gender. Emphasizes the role of race, class, sexuality, ability, and medium in the production and consumption of protest cultures.

Cross-listed: MDST-2410H

Explores historical representations of several Indigenous women in what is now North America. Particular attention is paid to the symbolic uses of these women and how their bodies been put into the service of settler histories. Prerequisite: INDG 2306H. Excludes INDG-HIST-WMST 4205Y.

Cross-listed: INDG-4206H

Drawing from the meta-paradigm concepts of nursing science-person, health, environment, and nursing- the focus of this course is women's health and women-centered health care delivery in the Canadian context. Androcentric science, sex/gender-based analysis, and topics such as methadone and mothering, smoking as social control, and HPV vaccination are discussed. Prerequisite: A pass in NURS 3020H and 3021H; 60% or higher in NURS 3000H, 3001H, 3004H, 3030H, and NURS-BIOL 3550H; and permission of the department. For non-Nursing students: WMST 2121H and permission of the School of Nursing.

Cross-listed: NURS-4208H

This writing-intensive course aims to provide practical and cumulative skills in writing clearly, correctly and persuasively across disciplines and situations. The course assumes the importance of a close relationship among reading, thinking and writing, and operates on the premise that the practice of writing encourages thinking and promotes innovative, insightful reflection.