Citing Oral Knowledge from a Conversation/Interview, Event, or Guest Lecture
Use this template when you are acknowledging information received orally from an Indigenous Elder, Knowledge Keeper, or Person. Some possible ways you might have received this information could include a personal interview/conversation, a guest lecture for a course, or an event where an Indigenous Person or Elder shared Indigenous Knowledge(s).
Reference list format
Last name, First initial., Nation/Community. Treaty Territory (if applicable). Where they live if applicable and with consent. Topic/subject of communication, if applicable. personal communication. Month Date, Year.
Reference list example
Cardinal, D., Goodfish Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral Teaching. personal communication. April 4, 2004.
(Source: MacLeod, 2021.)
Citing Oral Knowledge from a Recorded Video, Film, Podcast
Sometimes you may hear or access Indigenous Oral Teachings and Knowledges in a recorded video, film, podcast, or other format; you should cite these using the format recommended for that source. See our Documentation Guide for examples on citing YouTube videos, podcasts etc.
If you are citing a video or podcast, we’ll remind you that is important to include details about the person sharing knowledge in the text of your paper; it is important to include the person’s nation or community and titles that indicate their status, as we discussed in Elements Included when Citing Oral Teachings.