IUCN-WCPA GLOBAL TASK FORCE ON TRAINING FOR PROTECTED AREAS

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TRAINING FOR PROTECTED AREAS

John Marsh, March 1998
updated June 2000

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography is intended to increase awareness of what has been published on the topic of training for protected areas. It includes articles on training, and manuals used for training. Initially, publications were identified in the library and files at IUCN in Gland. These are indicated by an *. Now, publications available at other locations are being identified. Additions to the bibliography are welcome.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Aitchison, J. and M. Beresford (n.d.).  Landscapes - One Way Forward.  ICPL, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

                    Discusses the future of protected areas and the importance of taking the protected landscape approach.  The advantages are greater opportunity for future network expansion and the acceptance and safeguarding of indigenous ways of life.  An agenda to these ends is presented.

*Allo, A. (1978) "The Garoua College of Wildlife Management." Parks, 3 (2), pp. 8-9.

Describes the creation and priorities of the College, its future plans, and financing. *Allo, A. (1982) "School for the Training of Wildlife Specialists at Garoua, Cameroon."

                    Unpublished paper presented at World Park Congress, October 11-22, Bali, Indonesia.

Anderson, D.H., Lime, D.W., Morrissey W. (1995) " A Continuing Education Program to Upgrade Knowledge and Skill Levels of Professional Natural Resources Staff" Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, 24(2), pp. 125-132.

                    Evaluates the effectiveness of continuing education for public agencies.
 

Anon. (1988) Summary Report and Recommendations: Workshop on Professional Protected Area Education and Training in the Asia-Pacific Region. East-West Center, University of New England, Armidale.

*Anon. (1990) "International Centre for Conservation Education." Parks, 1 (2), pp. 14-16.

Describes the Centre established in 1984 in Cheltenham, England, as well as its courses on conservation education, and communicating for the environment. *Anon. (1991) "The Asian Wetland Bureau." Parks, 2 (2), pp. 9-11. Describes the Asian Wetland Bureau, training needs related to wetland management, and training activities of the Bureau. *Anon. (1991) "Wildlife Institute of India." Parks, 2 (1), pp. 14-16. Describes the objectives, activities and facilities of the Institute which was set up in 1982 to provide training in wildlife and PA management. *Anon. (1992) "School of Environmental Conservation Management, Bogor." Parks, 3 (2), pp. 26-29. Describes the School of Environmental Conservation Management in Bogor, Indonesia, especially its philosophy, curriculum, staff, and facilities, as well as constraints on its work and impact. Anon. (1990?) "Reinforcing Capacities for Protected Area Management in Africa." Journal?

ANZECC (1996).  Best Practice in Staff Training Processes.  ANZECC Working Group on Benchmarking and Best Practice for National Parks and Protected Area Management, n.p.

*Asian Institute of Technology. (1989) Educational Activities:Interdisciplinary Natural Resources Development and Management Program. AIT, Bangok.

Provides information on the Natural Resources Master’s Degree, other programs, and the faculty. Ayyad, M.M., Kassas, M., Ghabbour, S.I. (Eds.) (1996) Conservation and Management of Natural Heritage in Arab Countries: Proceedings of the Third Regional Training Course.

Egyptian National Commission for UNESCO, Egyptian National MAB Committee, Cairo.

Presents 15 papers presented at the training course. Calls for the "formulation of an integrated training programme and giving support to institutions and administrations responsible for these matters, in cooperation with UNESCO and other interested organizations." Bacon, P.R. (1988) Draft Report on the Preparation of Standards for Natural resource Management Training in the Insular Caribbean. Consortium of Caribbean Universities for Resource Management, Caribbean Institute for Resource Management, Puerto Rico.

Beeton, R.J.S. (1992) "Training Protected Area Managers: Building the Capacity to Conserve." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

*Beeton, R.J.S., Turner, N. (1992) "Training Protected Area Managers: The Workshop and the Issues." A chapter for inclusion with theproceedings of the workshop on training at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Describes the Workshop, the training and education issues it identified, and training priorities by region. In addition, there are appendices stating objectives for training, and potential recommendations and declarations for the Congress. *Beresford, M. (1997) "Protected Area Managers: Building Professionalism." Paper presented at the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas meeting in Albany, Australia, November, 1997. Reviews the state of training, current needs, and core skill elements. Then recommends a research and training initiative focussed on several pilot regions. Boshe, J.I. (1984) Twenty Years of Training Wildlife Managers. Report to Mweka College, Mweka, Tanzania.

*Bright, J.W. (1982) Cross-Cultural Transfer of Parks Technology. Paper for World Parks Congress, Bali.

Discusses the transfer of information, materials, and techniques dealing with protected areas from the US National Park Service to developing countries. Brown, L.P., Einsiedel, A.A., Butler, J.R. (1992) "Some Training Priorities: A Survey of American and Canadian Protected Area Managers." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

*Brown, R.G. (1976) "The International Seminar." Parks, 1 (3), pp.13-14.

Describes the objectives, concept, methods and relevance of the International Seminar in North America on parks. Cannon, J.R., Dietz, J.M., Dietz, L.A. (1996) "Training Conservation Biologists in Human Interaction Skills." Conservation Biology, 10 (4), pp.1277-1282.

*Carpenter, R.A., Dixon, J.A. (1984) "Training as a Component of the Consulting Contract." The Environmentalist, 4 (3), pp.229-234.

                    "The presence of of foreign experts offers an opportuntity to transfer technology and skills during the
                    course of consultancies. A training component can be added with appropriate additional compensation."

*Child, G.S. (1976) "Training Personnel for National Parks Work." Parks. 1 (1), pp.14-16.

Discusses the role of FAO in training people for national parks, the various levels of training, and the programmes at Mweka and Garoua. Notes need for regional training centres and financial support. Child, G., Jingu, R.A. (1983) "Trained Manpower Requirements for Wildlife and National Parks: Methodology for Assessment." Seventh Session of the AFC Working Party on Wildlife Management and National Parks, FO:AFC/WL:83/5.1, FAO, Rome.

Child, G., Sefu, L.D. (1987) Needs and Priorities for Training in Wildlife Management and Utilisation in the SADCC Region. Report of a mission on behalf of the Coordinator for Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife, Government of Malawi.

*Chiotha, S. (1997) "Training Future Leaders in Environment and Development." Splash, 13 (1), pp.14-15.

Describes the Leadership for Environment and Development programme, which has been established in Southern Africa in 1995 with the specific goal of human resources development in the area of environment and development. Involves field training in the region and distance learning using computers. *Commission on Education (IUCN) (1984).  A Guide to Environmental Administration In-Service Training.  IUCN and UNEP, Gland.

Corporacion Nacional Forestal. (nd) Tecnicas de Supervision. Centro de Capacitacion Forestal "Escuadron", Concepcion, Chile.

Consejo Nacional de Areas Protegidas. (nd) Manual del Guardarecursos. Guatemala.

*Countryside Commission. (1989) Countryside Stewardship: Report of the US/UK Exchange. Countryside Commission, Cheltenham.

*Countryside Commission. (1990) Training for a better Countryside: A Policy and Action Statement Countryside Commission, Manchester.

Countryside Commission. (1990) Good Training: Codes of Prac tice. Countryside Commission, Cheltenham.

Cuillard, J.D. (1981) Un Taller Gado a la Escuala de Guaraparques. Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Bariloche, Argenita. National Park Service, USA, Washington.

Da Re, S., Richter, V. (1983) Manual de Interpretacion. Administracion de Parques Nacionales, Buenos Aires.

*De Greling, C. (1978) Evaluation des Besoins en Formation de Personnel pour l’Amenagement des Parcs et de la Faune Sauvage dans les Pays du Sahel. Comite Permanent Interetats de Lutte Contre la Secheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS).

Presents an evaluation of the need for personnel to manage parks and wildlife in the Sahel, as well as profiles of the personnel to be trained, and a structure for training. Delgado, J.M. (1997).  Manuais Para Capacitacao em Manejo de Unidades de Conservacao.  Sociedade Educativa Gaia, Bauru.

Delgado, J.M. (1992) "Necesidades de Capacitacion en Administracion de Areas Protegidas Brasileras y Perspectivas de Colaboracon Latinoamericana." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

*Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsula Malaysia; Universiti Kabangsaan, Malaysia; Smithsonian Institution, USA. (1991) An International Center for Conservation Biology in Peninsula Malaysia: Proposal Submitted to IUCN.

Dobbin, P. (1996) Best Practice in Staff Training Processes. Prepared for the ANZECC Working Group on Benchmarking and Best Practice for National Parks and Protected Area Management. Australia.

Discusses best practice in staff training processes, provides an explanation of each step in the best practice model, gives the characteristics of organisations who practice best practice in training, and offers case examples from Australia. *Dooling P.J., Haley, D. (1992) "A New Undergraduate Programme in Conservation, Recreation and Natural Areas Management." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

                    Describes the need for a new undergraduate programme at the University of British Columbia, its
                    general structure, and the courses offered over four years.

*De Mendoza, L.H. (1990) "Tropical Agronomic Center for Research and Education." Parks, 1 (1), pp. 9-10.

Describes the programme of education and training at CATIE in Costa Rica, especially the International Mobile Seminar initiated in 1976. *Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsula Malaysia et.al. (nd). An International Center for Conservation Biology in Peninsula Malaysia. Proposal submitted to IUCN by Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsula Malaysia; Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia; National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

                    Proposal for a Center to establish a community of professional conservationists capable of wisely
                    managing the biological resources of the tropics.Indicates the background and objectives of the
                    Center, faculty, courses, facilities and budget.

*Duryat, H.M., van Lavieren, L.P. (1982) "Indonesia’s Experience in Training Protected Area Personnel." Unpublished paper presented at World Park Congress, October 11-22, Bali, Indonesia.

*Duryat, H.M., van Lavieren, L.P. (1982) "Training Personnel for Indonesia’s Protected Areas." Parks, 7 (2), pp. 6-9.

Describes the need for PA personnel, the School of Environmental Conservation Management, its curriculum and achievements. Also identifies constraints on training and makes recommendations for future training. Eco-Source (1996).  So You Want to be a Nature Guide: A Beginner's Manual.  Carolyn Hill, Gathersburg.

*Einsiedel, A.A., Butler, J.R. (1989). International Institute for Protected Areas Management. University of Alberta, Edmonton.

                    Introduces the research and educational activities of the Institute, including plans for offering a
                    certificate program in various locations around the world.

Einsiedel, A.A., Brown, L.P. (1992) "Is Scientific Expertise Enough to be Effective I n Parks Management." In: Willison, J.H. et.al. (Eds.) (1992) Science and the Management of Protected Areas, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.223-228.

Presents the results of a survey of the educational needs of protected area managers I n Canada and the USA to produce a profile of the "new parks manager". An example of the work of the proposed International Institute for Protected Area Management at the University of Alberta. *Erdman, K.R. (nd) "Training for Protected Areas Field Personnel: The Example of Canada’s Federal Provincial Parks Conference." Alberta Recreation and Parks, Edmonton. Describes the Federal Provincial Park Officers’ Course on Park Management and Administration, held annually in Canada. FAO. (1973) College of African Wildlife Management. Terminal Report, FO/DP/URT/70/530, Rome.

FAO. (1984) Regional Assistance to Training Wildlife and Protected Area Management in Africa: Project Findings and Recommendations. FO:DP/RAF/74/056. Terminal Report 2, Rome.

FAO (1986) A Study on Wildlife and Protected Areas Management Training and Manpower Requirements in Africa. FAO, Rome.

*Gabaldon, M.F. (1992) "Rancho Grande Training Centre, Henri Pittier National Park, Venezuela." Parks, 3 (1), pp. 9-10.

Describes the origins of this training centre, its aims and proposed programme and clientele. *Glick, D. (1978) "Mobile Seminar on National Parks." Parks, 3 (1), pp.12-13. Describes the first Central American Mobile Seminar on national parks run by CATIE from Nicaragua to Panama. Glowka, L., Burhenne-Guilmin, F., Synge, H., McNeely, J., Gundling, L. (1994) A Guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity. IUCN, Gland. Discusses Article 12 of the Convention dealing with research and training. Notes "lack of trained personnel is a major constraint which limits the implementation of effective conservation and sustainable use measures in all countries." Green, B.H., O’Gorman, F. (1992) "The Training Needs of Conservation Managers: Experience from the European Training Seminars for Managers of Protected Areas, 1990 and 1991." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Haley, D., Dooling, P.J., Feller, M., Sullivan, T. (1991) Proposal for an Undergraduate Programme in Conservation and Management of Natural Areas. Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Ham, S.H. (1992) Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with Big Ideas and Small Budgets. North American Press, Golden, Colorado.

Describes some important basic concepts, presenting conducted activities, and use of self-guided media. Also includes numerous examples, a glossary, references, list of contacts. *Hamilton, L.S. (1988) Workshop on Professional Protected Area Education and Training in the Asia-Pacific Region. University of New England, Armidale, Australia. Makes recommendations to address the training needs in the region, including the possible structure for training and education at the proposed international center in marine and coastal park management. Hamilton, L.S. (1989) "Training and Education Resources and Protected Area Management for Pacific Island Countries." Fourth South Pacific Conference on Nature Conservation and Protected Areas. Vanuatu. In: Lusigi, W.J. (Ed.) Managing Protected Areas in Africa. UNESCO, World Heritage Fund, Paris.

*Hamilton, L.S. (1992) "Some Thoughts on Education and Training in Protected Area Management for the Pacific Island Countries." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Reviews the state of PA training in the Pacific region, the institutions involved and their curricula. It urges more attention to the marine environment, the incorporation of indigenous training into overseas research projects, improved natural science training in schools, retention of trained staff in the field, and better personal libraries. Heinen, J.L. (1990) .he Design and Implemenation of a Training Program for Tour Guides in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Tiger Paper, April-June, pp. 11-15.

*Henning, D.H. (nd) "Training Park Managers for Value Considerations in Public Participation."

                    Discusses the need for value training as well as technical training.

*Hill, C. (1996) So You Want to be a Nature Guide? A Beginner’s Manual. Unpublished manuscript, Ecosource, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

Includes information on ecotourism, guiding, visitor safety and health, techniques of the trail, as well as lessons, a bibliography and glossary. *Holt-Biddle, D. (1996). "The South African Wildlife College." Vision of Wildlife, Ecotourism and the Environment in Southern Africa. Endangered Wildlife Trust, 44-49.

                    Summarises the mission, courses, facilities of the College.

*Hough, J. (1987) "New Directions for Parks? Issues from the 20th International Parks Seminar." Parks, 12 (2), pp.9-11.

Describes the International Seminar held in 1986 in Canada, USA and Costa Rica, and notes issues raised about PA management, such as tourism development, Hutagalung, T., Sawe, J.A. (1983) Progress Report on the Implementation of Recommendations on Regional Programmes in the Conservation and Management of African Wildlife. JIU/REP/83/3, Joint Inspection Unit, Geneva.

*Ishwaran, N. (1992) "UNESCO: Training in Protected Area Management." Parks, 3 (3), pp.35-37.

Describes the role of the World Heritage Committee in assisting the training of PA staff, especially at World Heritage sites, its financial support of regional PA training centres, and short training courses. Houseal, B. (1979) Manual para la Planificacion y Diseno de los Parques Nacionales. Documento de Trabajo No.44, FO: DP/CHI/76/oo3; FAO/CONAF, Santiago.

IUCN (?) Training and the College of African Wildlife Management. Commission of the European Communities.

*IUCN (1984) A Guide to Environmental Administration In-Service Training. Commission on Education, IUCN, Gland.

Discusses in service training, the training needs of personnel, values and their role in environmental administration, interdisciplinary approaches, public participation in environmental administration, and the use of case studies in training. Jacobson, S.K., McDuff, M.D. (1998) "Training Idiot Savants: The Lack of Human Dimensions in Conservation Biology."Conservation Biology 12(2), pp.263-267.

*Jingu, R.A. (1986) A Study on Wildlife and Protected Area Management Training and Manpower Requirements in Africa. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.

Describes the scope of this study, the collection of data, and the findings, including the status of wildlife training institutions and the estimated capability of existing institutions to meet training needs. *Johnson, S.R. (1981) An Analysis of t he Time Spent by National Park Rangers on Different Functions and the Importance they Attach to Each. Paper for Diploma in Adult

Education, Institute of Adult Education, University of Zimbabwe, Salisbury.

*Johnson, S.R. (1983) Selection and Training of Game Rangers in Post-Independence Zimbabwe: A Study to Determine some Characteristics of the Applicants to the Natural Resources College, in Order to Establish Training Needs. B.Ed. thesis, University of Zimbabwe.

Ketene, M.S. (1985) A Study of Wildlife and Protected Area Training and Education and Manpower Assessment in the Arabic-Speaking Countries. Agro-Forest, Ankara.

Kenchington, R., Looi, C.K. (Eds.) (1994) Staff Training Materials for the Management of Marine Protected Areas. Regional Coordinating Unit, East Asian Seas Action Plan, United Nations Environment Programme, Bangkok.

Kenchington, R. (Ed.) (1996) Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training Manual. Regional Coordinating Unit, East Asian Seas Action Plan, United Nations Environment Programme, Bangkok.

Kurian, M., Bhatia, J. (1997) "Forest Guards as Partners in Joint Forest Management." Ambio, 26 (8), p.553.

Longherst, W.M. (1971) Report of the UNDP/FAO Curriculum Consultant to the College of African Wildlife Management, Tanzania. FAO, Rome.

*MAB (1976) Regional Meeting on Integrated Ecological Research and Training Needs in Tropical Deciduous and Semi-Deciduous Forest Ecosystems in South Asia. Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO, UNEP, Varanasi.

Discusses the forests of South Asia, priorities for ecological research, the need for related education and training, and institutional arrangements for it. Also lists previous reports in the series, some of which deal with training. *MAB (1987) The Ecology and Conservation of the Tropical Humid Forests of the Indomalayan Realm: Proceedings of a Regional Training Workshop, Colombo, February-March, 1987. NARESA, UNESCO-MAB, Colombo.

Machlis, G., Marsh, J.S. (1988) Protected Area Management and Planning in China: A Training Manual. Ministry of Forestry, China; IUCN; WWF.

*Mangubuli, M.J.J. (1992) "Training Specialists Within Protected Areas." In: Lusigi, W.J. (Ed.) Managing Protected Areas in Africa. UNESCO, World Heritage Fund, Paris.

This article discusses the protected areas used by Mweka College, research undertaken there, student sponsorship and the faculty exchange programme. Notes the need for international funding to increase the output of the college. Marsh, J. (1998).  A Manual for the Planning and Management of Protected Areas in Lebanon.  Draft.

Masterson, D., Cifuentes, M., Villa, J. (1992) "CATIE: Ensenanza y Capacitacion en Areas Protegidas para America Latina." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Mbano, B.N.M., Mangubuli, M.J.J. (1989) "Mweka Turns Silver." Kakakuona, 1 (1) p.13.

*McFarland, G., Barborak, J.R., Morales, R. (1983) "Training Personnel for Biosphere Reserves and Other Managed Wildlands and Watersheds: CATIE’s Experience in Central America." Unpublished paper presented at First International Biosphere Reserve Conference, September 26-October 3, Minsk.

*McManus, J.W., van Zwol, C., Garces, L.R., Sadacharan, D.(eds.) (1998) "A Framework for Future Training in Marine and Coastal Protected Areas Management." Coastal Zone Management Centre & ICLARM, Manilla.

*McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R. (1989) "Manpower Requirements for Protected Areas of the World." IUCN, Gland.

This paper outlines the categories of personnel required to run a modern protected area system. It also reports on the results of a questionnaire sent to protected area management services around the world, to obtain information on current levels of manpower and requirements for the future. McNeely, J. (1994) "Forestry in the 21st Century: Environmental Priorities for Sustainability." IUCN, Gland. Includes a section on training foresters in a time of multiple use, and the skills required for different forms of forest management. Melrose, A. (1997) "Training for Upliftment." Natal Parks Board, 1947-1997., Natal. The Natal Parks Board established its training section in 1979 to provide training for managers and field staff. It also aims to upgrade the basic education of those lacking it. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia (Ecuador) (nd) Manual de Guaraparque. MAG, Direccion Forestal, Areas Naturales; Fundacion Natura, Quito.

Moore, A. (1985) Manual de Operaciones para un Sistema de Areas Silvestres Protegidas. Guia de Conservacion, No.9, FAO, Rome.

Moore, A. (1992) "A Training Program for Protected Area Personnel in Ecuador: Design and Implementation." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

*Moore, A. (Ed.) (1993) Manual para la Capacitacion del Personal de Areas Protegidas. Department of the Interior, United States, Washington.

                    This is a very substantial manual divided into modules covering such topics as: protection of
                    protected areas, interpretation and education, management of natural and cultural resources,
                    administration and human relations, and maintenance.

Morales, J. (1992) Manual para la Interpetacion Ambiental en Areas Silvestres Protegidas. Proyecto FAO/PNUMA sobre Manejo de Areas Silvestres, Areas Protegidas y Vida Silvestre en Alerica Latine y el Caribe, Oficina Regional de FAO, Santiago, Chile.

*Mosha, G.T., Thorsell, J.W. (1982) "Training Protected Area Personnel: Lessons from the College of African Wildlife Management, Tanzania." Unpublished paper presented at World Park Congress, October 11-22, Bali, Indonesia.

*Mosha, G.T., Thorsell, J.W. (1982) "Training Protected Area Personnel: Lessons from the College of African Wildlife Management." In: McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R. (Eds.) (1982) National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. IUCN. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, pp. 109-114.

Mosha, G.T., Thorsell, J.W. (1983). "Manpower Requirements and Training, College of African Wildlife Management – Mweka After Twenty Years."Proceedings of the Seventh Session of the African Forestry Commission Working Party on Wildlife Management and National Parks.Proceedings of the Seventh Session of the African Forestry Commission Working Party on Wildlife Management and National Parks. Arusha.

Mosha, G.T., Thorsell, J.W. (1984) "The College of African Wildlife Management – Mweka After Twenty Years."Proceedings of the Twenty-second Working Session of the CNPPA. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.

Mossman R. (1987) Managing Protected Areas in the South Pacific Region: A Training Manual. Department of Conservation, New Zealand.

*Mossman, R. (1985) Training for Conservation in a Developing Country: Western Samoa. Dissertation, Lincoln College, Canterbury.

Needham, B. (1998).  An innovative approach to training and capacity building for integrated coastal management.
Ocean & Coastal Management 38, pp. 279-283.

*New Zealand, Department of Lands and Survey. (1985) Training Opportunities for Overseas Officers in National Parks and Reserves Operations and Management. National Parks and Reserves, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.

Ngog Nje, J. (1992) "La Contribution de l’Ecole de Faune de Caroda (Cameroun) a la Gestion de la Faune Africaine." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

*Nje, J.N. (1992) "La Contribution de l’Ecole de Faune de Garoua (Cameroun) a la Gestion de la Faune Africaine." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Describes the Wildlife College of Garoua, the results of its activities, and lessons learned since it was established in 1970. These include: the necessity of international cooperation, the importance of practical work, the adaptation of the programme to the locality, and the need to train people to train others. *Noss, R.F. (1997) "The Failure of Universities to Produce Conservation Biologists." Conservation Biology, 11 (6), pp.1267-1269.

                    A critique of university training. Offers suggestions for improvement, eg. develop truly
                    interdisciplinary programmes, hire more faculty with professional experience outside university,
                    make degree requirements more diverse and flexible, require extensive internships for students.

Nyahoza, F. (1981) College of African Wildlife Management – Mweka: an Example of International Co-operation in the Management and Conservation of African Wildlife. Press Trust Printers, Nairobi.

*O’Gorman, F., Bryson, T., Green, B. (Eds.) (1991) Tourism and Protected Areas: Final Report of the First European Training Seminar for Managers of Protected Areas. UNESCO.

Panwar, H., Sawarkar, V.B., Mathur, P.K. (1992) "Wildlife Institute of India in Support of Protected Area Management." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

*Pearson, H.A. (Ed.) (1982) Training and Technology Transfer for Man and the Biosphere. Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO

Articles by various authors deal with: effective training for international students; innovations in curricula for international education; training for work in international agriculture; graduate education in the USA for students from developing countries.  *Pertet, F.O. (1992) The Role of the Naivasha Wildlife and Fisheries Training Institute in Training Wildlife and Fisheries Managers. Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

                    Reviews the origins, training courses, admission requirements and facilities of The Institute at
                    Naivasha that began taking students in 1985.

Peterson, R. (1999) "Sheep Dip Training." Green Sward  Winter, 1999. Ontario Parks Association, North York.

                    This article presents a critique of training programs that are taken for the sole purpose of giving the
                    trainee the ability to say that "they've taken" them (called 'sheep dip' training) and goes on to say that
                    training programs and their objectives need to more thoroughly investigated before enrollment.

Pitkin, B. (1995) Protected Area Conservation Strategy: Training Needs and Opportunities Among Protected Area Managers in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa.

Biodiversity Support Programme, Washington.

This substantial report is based on a survey "to identify the skills protected area managers need to do their jobs effectively; determine which training needs protected area managers see as priorities; identify and assess the types, sources, amount, and frequency of the training protected area managers currently receive; identify additional opportunities for training and identify constraints to adequate and effective training." *Priddle, G.B., Botting, S.S. (1984) Training Protected Area Personnel: Principles and Guidelines for Developing Management Capacity. For IUCN-CNPPA. University of Waterloo, Waterloo.

Programa de Cooperacion Tecnica Peruano-Neocelandes. (1979) Manual Basico para el Manejo de Unidades de Conservacion. Ministerio de Agricultura y Alimentacion, Direccion General Forestal y de Fauna, Lima.

Ragster, L.E. (1988) Standards and Curricula Guidelines for Natural resource Management Training in the Insular Caribbean. Consortium of Caribbean Universities for Resource Management, Caribbean Institute for Resource Management, Puerto Rico.

*Ragster, L.E., Bacon, P. (1989) Standards and Curricula Guidelines for Natural Resource Management Training in the Insular Caribbean: Short Report. For the Consortium of Caribbean Universities for Resource Management, of the Association of Caribbean Universities and Research Institutes. St.Thomas and Kingston.

Reviews the need for programmes in natural resource management, and offers suggestions for a diploma and master’s programme in this field. Ragster, L.E. (1992) "A Consortium Approach to the Connection between Tertiary Institutions in the Caribbean and Training of Protected Areas Managers." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Romero, C.E. (1992) "Manual de Educacion Ambiental para la Region Andino Patagonia." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

*Salguero, J. (1992) "Centro de Capacitacion para el Personal de Parques Nacionales." Paper presented at the Ivth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Provides a history of the training of park guards in Argentina, and details of the courses now offered at Bariloche and elsewhere. Salinas, P.J. (1992) "Training Protected Area Managers: Building the Capacity to Conserve." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Salinas, P.J. (1992) "Role of Universities in Training Management Staff for Protected Areas." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Salinas, P.J. (1992) "Training protected Areas Managers, Needs and Possibilities: A Proposal." Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, February, 1992.

Sawe, J.A. (1979) Report on Regional Training Programmes in African Wildlife Management at Mweka and Garoua. JIU/REP/79/1, Joint Inspection Unit, Geneva.

*Sheppard, D. (1986) Training of Protected Area Managers in the South Pacific. For South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, South Pacific Commission, New Caledonia. Jannali, Australia.

Smith, A.T., Ketel, H.J. (1994) IUCN Education Intern and Training Scheme. IUCN Conservation Services Division, Gland.

This background paper addresses IUCN’s desire to exploit more fully its commitment to human resource development through enactment of an educational internship and training scheme as an important component of its mission and mandate. It offers four action alternatives for consideration. *Smyth, D., Taylor, P., Willis, A. (1986) Aboriginal Ranger Training and Employment in Australia. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.

*Snelson, D. (1994) "Protected Area Conservation Strategy (PARCS): Training Needs and Opportunities in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa." Based on final report of PARCS.

Discusses training needs and opportunities in this region, and makes recommendations to improve training. *South African Nature Federation. (1993) Recommendation for the Establishment of an African Wildlife College in South Africa. South African Nature Federation and WWF. Describes the proposed College’s`mission, courses, staff requirements, location, financial requirements. Taussik, J. (1998)  Interdisciplinary education:  The Masters Programme in Coastal and Marine Resource Management at the University of Portsmouth, UK.  Ocean & Coastal Management 41, pp.115-122.

*Taylor, J.G. (1981) International and Regional Training Programs for Middle-level Managers of Parks and Protected Areas. A Report for the Commission on Education and the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, IUCN. JGT Associates, New York.

*Taylor, J.G. (1981) International and Regional Training Programmes for Middle-level Managers of Parks and Protected Areas: A Guide for Trainees from Developing Countries, Their Sponsors, and Other Professionals. (Draft). IUCN, Gland.

*Thomson, G.R. (1989). Field Station Management. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

                    Has a section on the training of the ranger force, including in service, external and coordinator training.

Thorsell, J.W. (1984) Managing Protected Areas in Eastern Africa – A Training Manual. CAWM, Mweka, Tanzania.

Thorsell, J.T. (1985) "Training People for Conservation in Tropical Developing Countries." Information paper prepared for WWF-Netherlands News, IUCN, Gland.

Thorsell, J.W. (1986) "Changing the World of Training." WWF News, May/June.

*Thorsell, J. (1987) "Changing the World of Training." Parks, 12 (1), pp. 14-16.

Describes the six main regional PA training centres of the world, and their need for external support. Thorsell, J. (1987?) "We Need Managers." IUCN Bulletin, 17 (10-12), pp.126-127. Describes the main protected area management regional training centres around the world. Thorsell, J. (1990) "Strengthening Protected Area Management Training in Africa." Paper presented at Regional Training Workshop on Protected Area Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania, 1990. IUCN, Gland.

*Thorsell, J. (1991) "Strengthening Protected Area Management Training in Tropical Countries." Parks, 2 (1), pp. 9-13.

Discusses the need for PA training at various levels, methods of training, and initiatives being taken by CNPPA. *Thorsell, J.W. (1992) "Observations on protected Area Management Training in Africa: Needs of the Nineties." In: Lusigi, W.J. (Ed.) Managing Protected Areas in Africa. UNESCO, World Heritage Fund, Paris, pp.72-76. Outlines the need for training, levels and methods of training, and infrastructure needs for training, especially in Africa. *Thorsell, J. (1996) Nature’s Hall of Fame: IUCN and the World Heritage Convention: Text for Audio-Visual Training Module. IUCN, Gland.

                    Text to accompany an 80 slide presentation on World Heritage.

*Torres, H. (1991). Planning and Managing Protected Areas for the Conservation of Biodiversity in South America. Curriculum Proposal for a Training Course on Planning and Management of Protected Areas in South America.IUCN.

Provides a detailed curriculum, possible textbooks, and names of potential instructors. *United States, Department of the Interior. (1978). Training Methods Manual, National Park Service. National Park Service.

                    This manual provides information on how to train national park service staff.
                    It covers topics such as: adult training, individual methods, group methods, and
                    tools to aid the instructor.

United States, Peace Corps. (1977) Teaching Conservation in Developing Nations. US Government Printing Office, Washington.

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Dept. de Manejo Forestal. (1978) Curso Corto de Manejo e Interpretacion de Unidades de Conservacion. Lima.

*Van’t Hof, T., Gardner, L. (1991) "Enhancing the Skills of Protected Area Professionals in the Insular Caribbean." Parks, 2 (1), 1991, pp. 28-31.

Describes PA training organised by the Caribbean Natural Resources Institute and the Caribbean Conservation Association for 10 PA personnel, as well as a survey of training needs and opportunities in the region. Veitayaki, J. and South, G.R. (1998).  Capacity building in the South Pacific and the role of marine studies programme at the University of the South Pacific.  Ocean & Coastal Management 41, pp. 103-113.

*Venter, J. (1993). A Preliminary Analysis of Exisiting Training Facilities for Protected Area Managers in South Africa. Ecological Consultancy Services.

WCPA.(1999).  Newsletter.  No. 77. IUCN, Gland.

*Williams, D.E. and Haas, G.E. (1989). "National Forest Recreation Management Correspondence Study Course." Journal of Forestry, October, 38-42.

                    Describes this U.S. Forest Service course, how it is offered, enrollment in it, and its success.

*Wetterberg, G.B., Milne, R.C. (1983) "International Workshop on Environmental Interpretation: Reflection of Trends in Personnel Training." Parks, 8 (3), pp.8-10.

Describes a Spanish language workshop on environmental interpretation held at Harpers Ferry, USA. Woodward, L. (Ed.) (1996) World Heritage Managers Workshop: Papers and Proceedings.

Department of the Environment, Sports and Territories, World Heritage Unit, Canberra.

Proceedings of a workshop for World Heritage site managers, especially from Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia. *World Wildlife Fund – US. (1980) Strategy for Training in Natural Resources and Environment: A Proposal for Development of Personnel and Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington.

*World Wildlife Fund. (1990) Creation of a Graduate Training program in Conservation and Ecosystem Management at the Asian Institute of Technology. Draft.

                    A project proposal covering: background, curriculum, faculty, facilities, budget.

*World Wildlife Fund and S.A. Nature Foundation. (1992). Report Relating to the Establishment of a Wildlife Management Training College in Southern Africa.

                    Outlines the need for, character of, and potential location for a Wildlife Management Training College
                    near Kruger National Park.

.