John Marsh, Ph.D.
Trent University, Canada
Chair, IUCN-WCPA Global Task Force on Training

Introduction

This paper was prepared to provide background information regarding training for protected areas, solicit information on training opportunities and needs around the Mediterranean, and lead to a plan of action for improving training in the region.  It formed the basis for discussion in the workshop on training at the IUCN/WCPA meeting on protected areas in the Mediterranean region, Cilento, Italy, November 1999. Additional information provided at the workshop has now been included at the end of the paper.

Training for Protected Areas

It has long been realised that the effective development and management of protected areas (PAs) depends substantially on the education and training of those involved with them.  The Countryside Commission in the U.K. noted that:
 Good training has an important role in making a beautiful and accessible countryside for the
              future.  Training improves skills, develops understanding and knowledge, raises motivation,
              and helps to ensure the limited resources for conservation and enjoyment of the countryside
              are used more effectively.  The countryside and the policies, techniques and management
              approaches related to it are changing rapidly, which makes continuing training essential for
              everyone involved in shaping and managing it.  Their training should reflect the diversity of
              interests and uses involved (Countryside Commission, 1990).

A few years later, a study of Manpower Requirements for Protected Areas of the World stated that:
 Training is widely considered to be the single most crucial need for improving the capacity to
manage protected areas effectively (McNeely and Miller, 1992).

A report on Best Practice in Staff Training Processes produced in 1996 by the ANZECC Working Group on Benchmarking and Best Practice for National Parks and Protected Area Management stated that:
 Best practice in training staff for park management is required because both Federal and State
              Governments now require park management agencies to:
- focus on their core business
- identify key performance indicators and associated priority outcomes
- be accountable for the delivery of priority outcomes and direct expenditure accordingly
- apply sound business planning principles to program planning and budgeting
- evaluate alternative means of service delivery (such as outsourcing)
- enhance the sustainable management of the natural and cultural resources of parks
- provide a high standard of customer service and facilities
- continually improve performance (both financial performance and service delivery)
- have competent and effective staff.

A Project Proposal for “An Integrated Protected Areas Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation in the North Africa and Middle East Region (IUCN, 1998), which covers the southern and western Mediterranean, placed considerable emphasis on training.  It acknowledged that “within the region there are already training facilities available at the national level in some of the countries” and that  “there are also a number of initiatives underway for the development of regional training facilities.” However, it was stated that:
 “The lack of skilled staff is a major constraint to the effective establishment and management of protected areas in the region.  It is critical that staff are trained in all aspects of their work, including both theoretical and practical aspects.  Training can include formal training courses as well as embrace study tours and activities such as twinning (e.g. establishing links between particular protected areas in the region).  The specific areas to be covered will vary from country and the level of training will vary for different categories of staff, such as upper level management, middle level management, and junior staff, including rangers.  However, it is possible at this stage to make a number of general observations:
- the level of skills of protected area staff in many countries in the region is low and needs to be developed to a much higher level;
- skills are particularly needed in the following areas: involvement of local stakeholders; conflict resolution; establishment, planning and management of protected areas; application of information arising from  research and monitoring programmes to management; development of environmental awareness and education programmes.  The development of skills must embrace legal and socio-economic as well as ecological aspects of protected area management;
- the primary focus of training in this proposal is on staff directly involved in protected areas; however there are other important target groups.  These include decision-makers who work in other agencies but whose decisions may influence the establishment and management of protected areas.”

The proposal had the following overall objective for training: “To improve the capacity of personnel associated with protected area planning and management within the region, including upper level managers and administrators, middle level managers, researchers, rangers, tourist guides/educators, decision-makers and legislators.” More specific objectives comprised:
- To develop and implement a Regional Training Strategy that makes efficient and effective use of existing resources and opportunities for training in the region.
- To improve the region’s access to training opportunities throughout the world which are characterised by high standards of excellence and are especially suited to the biotopes, socio-economic conditions and specific problems of the region.  These training opportunities will be linked to career development for protected area staff and associated personnel.  Exchange of experience is always beneficial and exdperience of protected area management in other parts of the world with similar climatic and/or socio-economic conditions would therefore be an added value to the region’s protected area managers.
- To continuously evaluate, review and re-adjust the activities carried out under the Training component of the project.

Global Task Force on Training for Protected Areas

Presently, education and training for PA planning and management are considered inadequate in most places.  They are inadequate quantitatively, qualitatively, thematically and geographically.  In other words there is a lack of training facilities and services; the quality of some education and training is poor; some topics are not dealt with in training programmes, and training opportunities and funds to access them are especially lacking in some developing countries and regions of the world.

To help address such inadequacies, the CNPPA (now WCPA) Strategic Plan of September 1995 indicated that:
4.1.2. CNPPA will seek funding for the development of best practice guidelines in relation to training: to disseminate information on the most relevant protected area training courses for (terrestrial and marine) protected area managers, and sources of funding to assist participation of such managers.
4.2 CNPPA will seek funding for a global programme which will include: “implementing
              focused study tours and seminars.”
Accordingly, in April 1996, the CNPPA Steering Committee approved the creation of, and terms of reference for, a Global Task Force on Training for Protected Areas, with the author as Chair.  Complete details regarding the Task Force and its current programme can be seen via the Internet at: http://www.trentu.ca/tfpa

In particular, the Task Force aims to:
1. Compile and distribute a directory of information on existing training centres and courses
        on PA planning and management.
2. Assess the adequacy and appropriateness of existing centres and courses.
3. Recommend to WCPA how inadequacies in the current array of training centres and courses might be addressed.
4. Determine the sources of funding for current and potential PA staff to participate in such courses, the adequacy of such funding, and potential sources of addition al funding.

Some progress has been made to achieve objectives 1 and 2.  However, much more information and discussion is needed, especially regarding the training situation in certain parts of the world, before objective 3 can be reached, and action taken.  Furthermore, it is clear from the number of letters reaching the Task Force soliciting funding for training that existing funding is insufficient and new sources are needed.  It was hoped that the meeting in Cilento, Italy could help address all these objectives with particular reference to the Mediterranean region.
 

The Workshop on Training at the WCPA Meeting in  Cilento, Italy, November 1999.

It was intended that this Workshop focus on answering the following questions:
1. What training centres and courses dealing with the planning and management of PAs
       exist in countries around the Mediterranean?
2. How adequate and appropriate are such training centres and courses?  In terms of:
- quantity of courses
- quality of courses
- topics covered
- geographic distribution and accessibility
3. What needs to be done to improve the supply of training in the region for PA planners
                      and managers?
4. What funding is available and needed, and what might be some potential sources of
       funding to enable PA planners and managers in the Mediterranean to gain such training?

In summary, what training exists, how adequate is it, what is needed, and how can it be funded?

A wide variety of agencies and methods may be involved in education and training relevant to protected areas, from schools to training consultants, and from manuals to field instruction respectively (see Appendix 1).

The Training Inventory Form developed by the Task Force, and used to record existing training centres and courses around the world, can be used to record information on existing training opportunities around the Mediterranean (see Appendix 2).  Any new information can then be added to the Task Force Internet site noted above.

This was a substantial agenda for a small group at a brief meeting but the information gained should at least provide an initial understanding of the training situation around the Mediterranean which has never previously been investigated. Also, the information should provide the basis for a continuing and more comprehensive assessment of the situation later.

While I hesitate to suggest further questions to address, it seems inevitable that some of the following questions will be raised in discussion of training in this region, and important in the long run to answer them.
1. What are the main positions needed to plan and manage a protected area?
2. Are people being hired with the skills for such positions or are existing staff being retrained for some positions.
3. Can hiring consultants and drawing on expertise in other agencies or groups reduce the need for training the permanent staff of a PA?
4. Is it better to send staff to a training centre or bring trainers to a PA?

Some questions specific to the Mediterranean region might also be addressed, such as:

1. Is there a need for a regional training centre serving all the Mediterranean countries, or
        several centres serving the European Mediterranean, the Middle Eastern Mediterranean,
        and the African Mediterranean?
2. Are PA staff going out of the region, e.g. to northern Europe, North America, central and
        southern Africa to gain training?
3. How many exchanges of PA staff for training purposes are occurring between countries
        in the Mediterranean region?
4. What training materials (manuals, textbooks, videos etc.) relevant to the planning and
        management of PAs in the Mediterranean region are available and needed?
5. Are training materials available in Arabic and the other languages of the Mediterranean
        region?

It would be useful to document the responses to any of these questions to gain a better understanding of general training issues and possibilities, as well as those specific to the Mediterranean region.

Workshop Participation

The workshop was chaired by John Marsh, Task Force on Training, WCPA, and Maurilio Cipparone, Member of the Steering Committee, WCPA Europe.

It was attended by about 30 people from a wide variety of international conservation organisations, protected area agencies, NGOs, academic institutions, and research and training institutes. They were drawn from 16 countries, namely: Albania, Bulgaria, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, USA. Fourteen people made oral and visual presentations, which were often followed by numerous questions, and some vigorous debate.

Training in the Region

The participants described numerous training activities in the region but unfortunately most did not provide written versions of their presentations. So, to ensure much valuable information is not lost, I have summarised their presentations below, bearing full responsibility, and offering apologies for any errors or omissions.

Europarc
Eva Pongratz of the Europarc Federation, based in Germany, described Europarc and its involvement in training.  Europarc brings together people involved with protected areas in Europe.  It aims to increase their effectiveness by facilitating new parks, technical support, and public policy.  It has noted that there is a lack of staff, funding and training in protected areas in Europe, and that the importance of training is not recognised. Accordingly, from 1997-1999, Europarc took three training initiatives: a partnership/exchange, a Europarc expertise exchange programme involving Asia and Latin America, and a leadership training programme. These initiatives have involved, amongst other things, 160 study visits, and a travelling seminar between the UK and Austria, in which a case study was undertaken on a different topic in parks in each country.  Topics covered in training programmes included: communication and language skills, environmental education, integrated management, computer planning, marketing local products, transfrontier protected areas, and ecotourism. Use has been made of existing training centres.  There are free publications available on each of the three training projects, and more information on Europarc can be found on the Internet at: www.europarc.org.

France
Christian Perrenou described and provided information on the training programmes conducted by the Centre for Research into the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, at the Tour du Valat Biological Station in the Camargue of southern France.   The Biological Station at Tour du Valat is a private non-profit making research organisation founded in 1954. Its aim is “to make a major contribution to the understanding of how Mediterranean wetlands really work and to develop management systems which ensure their survival.”  It noted that “conservation and the integrated management of wetlands is severely constrained by two factors: first, the lack of training for elected representatives, executives, decision-makers and technicians involved in wetland management, and secondly the inadequate transfer of research findings to them. Accordingly, Tour du Valat, in the framework of the Medwet project, which is principally financed by the European Union, has been retained to address these two issues. With respect to training “the objective of Tour du Valat is to contribute to the development of regional and national training strategies.  The needs of wetland managers and decision-makers must be kept in mind while developing partnerships with the relevant institutions.  Before full-scale implementation, the methodology is tested and evaluated in training sessions focussed on specific wetlands.”
Christian Perrenou elaborated on the training programme.  Long term training needs are assessed.
There is a focus on the training of trainers, practical matters and case studies. Training modules are prepared, usually in French/English, including binders of information that can be acquired. People come from all around the Mediterranean to take the courses.

ICCROM
Katri Lisitzin from ICCROM in Rome briefly described the activities of this organisation, which for over 40 years has been primarily concerned with research and training related to built heritage.  It works both locally and globally, and focuses on promoting awareness and coordination.  It should be cooperating more with IUCN, especially with respect to cultural landscapes, for which it is developing a new programme, and training.  It is currently undertaking a training needs survey to guide its training activities.

Italy
Dr. Rita de Stefano provided the following information on the Pangea Institute, an Italian NGO specialising in environmental education and training.  The institute was founded in 1992, having gathered significant experience, both nationally and internationally, through years of commitment to nature conservation and the establishment and management of parks and natural reserves.

In almost seven years of specialized work, the Institute has carried out thousands of hours of training in favour of many Italian protected areas, generally supported by the Ministry of the Environment, the European Union, the Italian National Forest Service and in cooperation with the Italian Federation of Parks and Nature Reserves.

The Institute manages “Labnet Lazio”, a laboratory of environmental education, one of the national networks promoted by the Ministries of the Environment and Public Education.  The laboratory is located in Sabaudia, offering services principally aimed at increasing the teaching potential of the Circeo National Park and protected areas of the Lazio region.  The teaching methods of the Campus and its activities are carried out under the supervision of a scientific board, whose members have international recognition within scientific and environmental culture.

The Institute is organized into two departments.  The First Department is responsible for naturalistic and environmental education, particularly aimed at the training of schoolteachers and the development of environmental education (curricula, activities, laboratories etc…) in the national protected area system. There is an emphasis on training trainers, e.g. schoolteachers, and on improving technical and administrative skills that will help people get new jobs. Some 3000 people have been trained, 70% of them schoolteachers.  Various topics are covered in courses that range in length from one week to two months.  Financial support is received from the Ministry of the Environment.

 The Second Department is specialized in vocational training for sustainable development and conservation of natural resources.  Moreover, the Department carries out courses for park interpreters, park rangers, and every other training initiative aimed at the management and development of protected areas.  The Protected Areas Campus is located in Sabaudia, in the Circeo National Park, one of the oldest Italian parks, rich in environmental and cultural values, with which it has an agreement for strong cooperation.  Because of operating costs and the quality of its work, the Institute has also signed an agreement with the Italian Federation of parks and Natural Reserves for training of park interpreters and park rangers, becoming the only “parks” school in Italy.

In 1997, the Pangea Institute became an effective member of the IUCN – World Conservation Union; in 1998, it also became a member of the Europarc Federation.  In the near future, other branches of the Campus will be activated in at least two other Italian National Parks; initiatives for the development of a marine protected areas training center will be implemented and a strong attention paid to the international training issues in theMediterranean.

Professor Maurilio Cipparone, also of the Pangea Institute, made the following observations regarding training in Europe as a whole. For many years an integrated Europe-wide strategy in the field of training for protected areas has been lacking, and it is only recently that some operative proposals for cooperation in developing European programmes have begun to appear. For that reason, and because training using EU funds might be some kind of “new business” for training agencies, the workshop might propose guidelines for a new high quality European training programme, and a shared method for assessing the quality of courses which could be carried out under the flag of Parks for Life.

Tina Quarto of Formez described their experience with environmental training since 1994. They focus on the training of public servants, especially new professionals in local authorities, mainly in southern Italy. Courses are now being offered for national parks, e.g. Cilento.  Many people need specific training, e.g. in management skills, communication, and community economic development. Courses range from a few months to two years, the equivalent of a Masters degree.

Marco Linda, while not at the workshop, sent the following information in July 1999 on another training project in Italy. “I’m involved in designing and developing a training project regarding the Natural Park of Vulcan Etna in Sicily, and I think it’s a very interesting and challenging project (training is part of a wider project sponsored by the EU).  Its aim is in fact to revitalise the mountain area through the improvement of quality in terms of tourism, bio-agriculture and handicrafts.  I actually prepared two projects: one for Park Managers (with three positions: general manager, development manager, marketing manager), and one for Park Officers (with four positions: information officer, cultural interpretation officer, tourism and sport tourism interpretation officer, conservation officer). Nine people will participate in the first course. Twenty people will participate in the second course, with ten being employees of the park, the other ten being unemployed people who may wish to start economic activities related to the park.  Sicily, as most of the south of Italy, has very high rates of unemployment but, at the same time, very high potentials both in terms of human resources and cultural and natural heritage.  What is lacking is mainly practical skills and entrepreneurial attitude.  The focus of the project is thus training and improvement of the quality of service.”

Jordan
Khaldoun Kiwan of the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, a NGO responsible for protected areas in Jordan, discussed their training programme begun in 1998.  Training needs are being assessed and training priorities decided.  The programme includes courses on topics such as habitat management, research, ecotourism, and socio-economic projects. The courses are usually offered at one site, with the intention of training more trainers who can offer courses elsewhere. Most courses have been in Jordan, but one was held recently in Lebanon to help protected area managers there in preparing management plans.

Lebanon
John Marsh provided information on the training for protected area managers in Lebanon for which, as an IUCN consultant to the Ministry of the Environment, he is responsible.The Protected Areas Project, begun in 1996, is a five year, GEF funded, UNDP project to “put into place an effectively managed system of protected areas to safeguard endemic and endangered species of flora and fauna, conserve their habitats and incorporate biodiversity conservation as an integral part of sustainable human development.  The project will test a specific model of three demonstration parks, namely: Arz Al-Shouf, Horsh Ehden and the Palm Islands.  The Ministry of the Environment, local non-governmental organisations and in-country scientific institutions will cooperate and coordinate their activities to promote both the short term and long term ecological and economic objectives of biodiversity conservation.  It will also incorporate educational and sensitization components directed towards the local communities, and will reach out to the public and decision-makers with documentary films and TV spots, thus aiming to promote national reconciliation by bringing people and institutions together for the conservation of nature.

One component of the project is “a series of protected Area Management Workshops for selected members of the Reserve Management Teams, contracted NGOs, staff of the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture.”  Three courses of one week each have been offered to over 30 people involved with the new protected areas.  Each course had a different emphasis reflecting the stage of the project and the needs of participants. The most recent one dealt with the planning and management of visitors and tourism in protected areas.  Each one was held near and within one of the protected areas, thus allowing lectures and audio-visual presentations to be combined with practical exercises and discussion in the field of local management issues.  In addition a substantial training manual is being prepared that will be translated into Arabic and used for further protected area training in Lebanon, and possibly elsewhere in the Middle East. It is divided into several modules covering the origins and context of protected areas, system and management planning, resource management, people management, and the management of the agency. Copies of the draft contents page of the manual were provided for information, and comment.  The manual should be published and available next year.
 

Saudi Arabia
Prof. Abdulaziz Abuzinada, Secretary general of the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development in Saudi Arabia relayed information on the Natural Resources Conservation Training Centre in Riyadh.  It offers training on most subjects related to protected area management and education, and caters to administrators, field managers, rangers and teachers.

Spain
Humberto Da Cruz, from the University of Madrid and Ecodesarrollo, IUCN, Spain, mentioned some courses relating to protected areas offered by universities in Spain.  For example, there is a post-graduate course in Spanish on the Planning and Management of Protected Areas. It lasts two months, and is taught partly at the university and partly in the field. In 2000, the University of Alicante intends to offer a course on Protected Areas in the Mediterranean. A course in Arabic on protected areas is also being considered.

Tunisia.
Chedly Rais summarised training activities carried out by the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA).  Within the framework of its assistance to the Mediterranean countries to develop protected areas, RAC/SPA organises each year several training courses on protected areas (management, legislation, habitat conservation and management etc.).  They are attended by participants designated by the National Focal Points RAC/SPA has in the countries participating in the Mediterranean Action Plan.  Generally speaking the training activities developed by RAC/SPA are identified according to the needs as expressed by the National Focal Points.  The training sessions organised at the regional level are attended by participants from all the Mediterranean countries, the working languages are English and French with simultaneous translation for the room sessions.  In addition to the regional training courses, RAC/SPA organised national training sessions targeting the special needs of the country in which the course is organised and using a working language adopted to that country.

Gaida Hela, from the Association for the Protection of Nature, also addressed the training situation in Tunisia.  There is a lack of trained staff in protected areas, a lack of funds, and conflicts between local people and administrators. A new generation of managers must be trained, beginning with decision-makers. However, there should also be a strategy to connect training at different levels. The best training combines the theoretical and the practical, and can be undertaken using various methods including: courses, study tours, internships, and the twinning of protected areas.

In developing its training activities, RAC/SPA received contributions from several national and international organisations, including protected areas.  They contributed by providing trainers identified among their staff members and also by making their facilities available for training courses.

WWF – Mediterranean Programme
Sira Jimenez-Caballero described WWF International’s five Mediterranean Schools.  The Blue School in Trieste focusses on marine protected areas; the Wet School in Catalonia, Spain on water and; the Sun School in Tunisia on environmental education; the Silva School, in Spain, Greece and Lebanon on forests, and the Wild School in Italy on natural areas. The Silva School is taught in modules dealing with: the ecological value of a forest; integrating conservation and development; the project cycle from funding to application; fire management; and restoration.
The Silva School is taught in modules dealing with: the ecological value of a forest; integrating conservation and development; the project cycle from funding to application; fire management; and restoration. The courses at each school are available to people, such as protected area and NGO staff, from anywhere in the Mediterranean region, and are free, with grants being obtained to cover costs.  Most courses are two weeks long, and taught by experts from the region, in English or French, with simultaneous translation where necessary. The courses emphasise participation and exchange, with a variety of methods being used including workshops, debates, and practical exercises. Each course is evaluated so improvements can be made.

Workshop Conclusions and Recommendations

In conclusion, the workshop identified the following key issues hindering effective training for protected areas in the Mediterranean region, and some means for addressing them.
1. Lack of awareness of training opportunities.  This could be addressed by compiling information on all training opportunities in the region and publicising it on a web site, such as that of the WCPA Training Task Force.
2. Lack of coordination of training programmes.  This might be dealt with by holding an annual or biennial meeting of representatives of training agencies in the region, hosted by a different agency each time.
3. Lack of money to enable protected area staff to attend training courses.  A list of sources of financial support for attending training courses could help address this issue.
4. Lack of long term training strategies for national protected area agencies and individual protected areas. To resolve this issue, it would be useful to find or develop model training strategies, and best practice guidelines, and urge agencies to adopt and follow them.

At the end of the conference, a Declaration of Cilento was approved by the participants. With respect to training, it stated:
“Given the present and forseeable expansion in the number of protected areas in the Mediterranean region, and the increasing pressures upon them, training in the management of protected areas needs to be expanded and improved, with emphasis as follows:
-     Existing training and funding agencies should support initiatives in the south and east of
       the Mediterranean region;
-     A database of training opportunities to help meet the region’s training needs should be
       established and maintained;
-     There should be more co-ordination of training by exchange of information and staff, with
       regular meetings in the region of representatives of training institutions; and
-      Preparation of best practice guidelines and training standards.”

The conference participants also passed a resolution welcoming a proposal to establish a Centre for Mediterranean Cultural Landscapes in Cilento, which would, amongst other activities, “create opportunities for training on cultural landscapes throughout the region.”
 

REFERENCES

ANZECC Working Group (1996)  Best Practice in Staff Training Processes. Melbourne, Australia.

CNPPA (1995) CNPPA Strategic Plan. Gland, Switzerland.

Centre for Research into the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands. (n.d.) Protecting and Managing Mediterranean Wetlands.  Tour du Valat Biological Station, France.

Countryside Commission. (1990) Good Training: Codes of Practice.  Countryside Commission, Cheltenham, U.K.

IUCN – The World Conservation Union. (1998) Project Proposal: Towards an Integrated Protected Areas Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation in the North Africa and Middle East Region. Gland, Switzerland.

Instituto Pangea. (n.d.)  Obiettivo 21 – News.  Sabaudia, Italy.

Marsh, J. (1997)  “Training for Protected Area Management and the Role of Universities.” In: Munro, N. (ed.) Protected Areas in Our Modern World: Proceedings of a Workshop, IUCN World Conservation Congress, Montreal, October 1996.  Parks Canada, Halifax, p.143-148.

Marsh, J.S. (1998)  Annotated Bibliography on Training for Protected Areas. WCPA Global Task Force on Training, Gland, Switzerland.

McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (1992)  Manpower Requirements for Protected Areas of the World.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Thorsell, J. (1987)  “Changing the World of Training.” Parks 12 (1), p.14-16.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

APPENDIX 1

TRAINING FOR PROTECTED AREAS – SMR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A training programme for protected areas can be conceptualised by using a basic communication model known as SMR, which stands for Sender, Message and/or Method and Receiver.  An example of this is provided below:

SENDERS  MESSAGES  METHODS  RECEIVERS

Schools   Basic envt. education classroom teaching schoolchildren

Colleges   PA law enforcement classroom teaching and
      field placements  students, PA rangers

Universities  Biology degree  classroom teaching and
      fieldwork  undergrad. students

Universities  Post-grad. program courses, research, thesis graduate students
   Eg, PA  management distance education mid-career managers

Universities  GIS and PA planning short course  students, PA managers

IUCN/WCPA  PA management  short course   PA managers, rangers
      manuals, books

IUCN/WCPA  PAs and sustainable conferences  PA staff, NGOs, public
   development

Regional PA  PA management  residential courses PA managers, rangers
Training Centres

Consultants  Information systems short course  PA managers
Eg. WCMC  for PAs

PA Agency  Emergency measures short course and field PA staff
Own staff     work

PA Agency  Need to fund PAs  field trip   politicians
Own staff

NGO   Heritage interpretation workshop  seasonal PA staff

Journalists  Values of PAs  newspaper articles general public

TV station  Endangered species TV programme  general public

Film maker  Appropriate behavior video   schools, general public
 

APPENDIX 2

WORLD COMMMISSION ON PROTECTED AREAS – GLOBAL TASK FORCE ON TRAINING

TRAINING AGENCY AND COURSE RECORD FORM

NAME OF AGENCY OFFERING TRAINING

MEANS OF CONTACTING THE AGENCY
 - Name of person
 - Mail address
 - Telephone, Facsimile, e-mail

OVERALL CURRICULUM

QUALIFICATIONS ATTAINABLE
 - Certificate
 - Diploma
 - Degree

SPECIFIC COURSES
 - Subjects
 - Dates
 - Locations
 - Instructors
 - Field and practical content
 - Cost

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
 - Library
 - Computers
 - Equipment
 - Transport

TARGET GROUPS
 - Field managers
 - Office administrators
 - Students
 - Others

PREREQUISITES
 - Previous qualifications
 - Employee of specific agency
 - Age
 - Citizenship
 - Language capability
 - Health

OTHER INFORMATION
 - Financial support available