The Witches' Brew

Introductory Note
Pratt
  • [. . .] Newfoundland Verse was for me a bit of apprenticeship with large chunks of crude stuff where the axe cut in against the grain. But at least I discovered for myself that poetry blossomed more healthily out of the concrete than out of abstractions. It came best out of the imagination working upon the material of actual experience. My aim was to get the emotional effect out of the image or the symbol operating on the facts of sense perception, and my next effort was an experiment in technical adventure. I went back in my mind and ruminated upon the monstrosity called "Clay." Could I afford to spend another whole year for the sake of producing a dud, for I was sure that the scepticism of my critical friends and the more than scepticism of the publisher was justified. So I embarked upon a thing called The Witches' Brew. I had recently completed a treatise for my Ph.D. upon a subject which I heartily disliked called "Studies in Pauline Eschatology," which traced the history of Paul's ideas on the soul and particularly on Hell. My friends say that The Witches' Brew was a psychological reaction against the doctorate, that I had to get hell out of my system before I could do anything worthy of serious consideration. I fear that I haven't it all out yet but that was their theory of the origin of the poem. It was one of the few poems that I wrote without any thought that it would ever be published. Not that I was averse to publication but I did not think it needed publication. It was done for an occasion merely. The occasion happened to be the fifth anniversary of our wedding day. My friend Professor Arthur Phelps who was spending a holiday near us at Bobcaygeon on the Kawartha Lakes suggested that I write something to signalize the occasion, something that would be written for entertainment only, just for fun, if that was possible, without any thought of fixing up society or reforming the world, something which a few persons invited to the dinner might possibly enjoy after the last course. When my wife asked me about the subject I said that I was going to deal with the effect of alcohol on fish, an absurd topic unquestionably. I did not attach any literary importance to the production. I don't yet. Professor Phelps suggested that I send it to a publisher which I did, not expecting for a moment that it would be accepted. I sent it to a London (England) publisher, who to my greatest surprise decided to bring out five hundred copies, this time at his expense. I may say incidentally that this publisher went out of business three months afterwards, but not before I made the acquaintance of two critics, one in Aberdeen, the other on the staff of the Edinburgh Scotsman. Is it worth mentioning here that the only serious criticism I got in Great Britain was from Scotchmen? Both literary critics searched for hidden meanings and symbolism, but not finding them claimed that the book was a libel on the brands and therefore a temperance pamphlet, or that it might conceivably be an advertisement but exceedingly obscure. I was asked later by a theologian what I meant. My only answer was that I saw a unique opportunity of bringing together a strange assortment of individuals - Milton and Paracelsus, Sir Isaac Newton and William Blake, Gulliver and Bottom, Byron and Pepys, John Calvin, John Knox, John Wesley, Johnny Walker -- bringing them all together to discuss the nature of design in a mad universe over the bodies of inebriated fish. The answer did not appear to be quite satisfactory.
    [Box 9, no. 69.4; On His Life and Poetry 33-36]

  • [The] general tone of my work seems to have been subtly altered [after the publication of Newfoundland Verse]. I cannot say that this sprang out of a conscious effort on my part for it was scarcely deliberated. It may have developed out of a hidden desire to mix phantasy with realism -- a desire which has never left me. Be that as it may, my next volume was The Witches' Brew, published in England by Selwyn and Blount and in Canada by Macmillan's. My old friend, Arthur L. Phelps, suggested that I write a poem in hilarious celebration of an impending fifth wedding anniversary, and that it should be read aloud in the presence of my wife, with Art and Lal Phelps and a few others invited in to our cottage at Bobcaygeon. The theme was a wild one -- the effect of alcohol on fish. The first draft was about fifty lines, but for some reason I couldn't stop and the final draft ran into several hundred lines, with the Shades coming up from Hades to observe and discuss the reflexes of the marines. It was mad stuff, indeed! Some reviewers wondered if the poem was a temperance pamphlet or the reverse.
    ["My First Book," Canadian Author and Bookman, 28 (Winter 1952-1953), 6; On His Life and Poetry 39-40]

  • [. . .] "To break the news" -- this meant the disclosure of death. You can't get away from that, you know. I couldn't. Especially if it was a big disaster such as the loss of a ship where the skipper who owned the ship went down with two or three sons. And the whole town would go into mourning. That can't escape you. And hence there is a good deal of preoccupation, and also there is a good deal of the lighter stuff which is there to counterbalance it. For instance, The Witches' Brew ... I don't know how that escaped me or got out. I think it was just an emotional release, "Let'er go, Gallagher!" When it came out I was at Victoria College, at the time a theological college, and some of the theological professors said, "What does Pratt mean by writing a thing like that? And what is his idea? What does he mean?" And the chancellor, who had a great sense of humour, said, "Oh, he doesn't mean anything at all about it." He said, "It's just let'er go. Let'er go. Have a good time. Let 'er go." It was written on the fifth anniversary of our wedding and so it had to be in the celebrating mood. Yes, that's counterpoint in a way, isn't it? [Compare Pratt's comment on "breaking the news" in the Introductory Note to "Erosion."]
    [transcription of a tape in the CBC archives in Toronto; On His Life and Poetry 52]

    Editors
    written for Pratt's fifth wedding anniversary. See Byron's The Vision of Judgment as a prototype for Pratt's parody and compare the mode of epic burlesque with Samuel Butler's Hudibras.

  • Saturnalian
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    of unrestrained revelry, after the ancient Roman festival of Saturn, the god of agriculture
    The witches three
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    portrait of the three witches by John Austen from the first edition of The Witches' Brew

    double pectorals
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    pair of fins situated behind the head of a sea creature
    Neptune ... Vulcan's union with his daughter
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    In some myths, Venus, goddess of love, was the daughter of Neptune, the god of the sea. She was the wife of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and of metal working.
    sub-aquaceous
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    variant of "subaqueous," meaning "under water"
    mines ... the distant Carolines
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    the Caroline Islands, an archipelago just north of the equator rich in minerals
    Cape Horn ... Magellan
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    The Strait of Magellan, between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans separates the tip of South America, Cape Horn, from Tierra del Fuega and other islands south of the continent.
    Drake
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    Sir Francis Drake (1540?-1596), English navigator and admiral, first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe(1577-80); vice admiral in the fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada (1588)
    Bacchanals
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    rites and celebrations of the followers of Bacchus, Greco-Roman god of the vine; in contemporary usage, a drunken revel
    stations
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    A station is "a cove or harbour with space in the foreground for the erection of facilities for the conduct of the fishery in adjacent waters" [Dictionary of Newfoundland English]
    To serve their god while here below
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    A parody of the doxology: "Praise God from whom all blessings flow -- / Praise Him all creatures here below." There is also an analogue for Pratt's transposition of below to hell in Byron's The Vision of Judgment, where Satan states "I've Kings enough below, God knows!"
    the ivy god
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    Bacchus, who wore a band of ivy around his head
    Christiania
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    alternative name for Oslo, capital of Norway
    Burke's and Johnny Begg's
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    Sandra Djwa speculates in The Evolutionary Vision (pp. 48-49) that the collocation of "Johnny" and "Burke" evokes the most popular Newfoundland balladeer of the twenties, Johnny Burke. His account of an alcoholic "spree" in "The Kelligrew's Soirée" may have also filtered into The Witches' Brew.
    Laodiceans
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    those who are lukewarm or indifferent. See Revelation 3:14-16.
    Behring Strait
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    (usual spelling 'Bering') strait between Siberia and Alaska
    Spitzbergen
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    group of islands in the Arctic Ocean
    Auk
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    northern seabird
    Ungava
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    territory north of Quebec
    Patagonian
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    of Patagonia, the southern part of Argentina
    bay
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    a large indentation of the sea lying between two widely-separated headlands, commonly comprising numerous harbours, coves, inlets, islands and fishing grounds [Dictionary of Newfoundland English]
    run
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    "a narrow salt-water strait or extended navigable passage between the coast and an island or series of islands; a passage between islands" [Dictionary of Newfoundland English]
    Nantucket
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    once a famous whaling port on Nantucket Island, off the Massachusetts coast
    Baccalieu
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    small island at the entrance to Conception Bay, Newfoundland
    Zanzibar
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    island off the east coast of Africa
    Salamander
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    mythical reptile able to live in fire, or a tailed amphibian
    ecliptic
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    the great circle of the celestial sphere which is the apparent orbit of the sun
    beldams
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    (or beldames) shrewish hags, here referring to the three witches
    dunnest
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    most dun, i.e., dull greyish-brown
    phylacteries
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    small leather cases containing Hebrew texts worn by Jews during prayer. See Deuteronomy 6:8 and 11:18.
    Sadducees
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    members of an ancient Jewish sect who opposed the Pharisees, another sect who strictly observed tradition and written law
    Shades
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    departed spirits in Hades. Like Byron in The Vision of Judgment, Pratt calls forth a procession of spirits to comment on the action.
    Deacons good and bad in spots
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    probably an allusion to the 'curate's egg' joke in Punch (1905) in which a curate who is given a stale egg by his bishop declares that it is 'good in parts.'
    Wyandots
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    a pun on Wyandot, brand-name of a tractor, and Wyandots (usual spelling "Wyandottes"), a breed of chicken
    oral adjustment
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    perhaps a play on the Freudian concept of perfect oral adjustment
    Byron
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    Byron, George Gordon Noel Byron (1788–1824) English poet and satirist, notorious for his dissolute way of life. His The Vision of Judgment is one of Pratt's models.
    calamary
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    another kind of cuttlefish
    Canary
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    short for Canary wine, a dry white wine from the Canary Islands off the northwest coast of Africa
    Wolsey
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    Thomas Wolsey (1473?–1530) English cardinal known for his lavish living
    dram
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    drink of spirits
    Richmond
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    Henry Fitzroy, natural son of Henry VIII, named first Duke of Richmond in 1525
    Buckingham
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    Edward Stafford, third Duke of Buckingham (1478-1521), executed in 1521 for high treason after a quarrel with Wolsey
    Royal Henry
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    Henry VIII (1491-1547)
    benefice
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    a position in the Church
    hake
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    fish related to the cod
    Campeggio
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    Lorenzo Campeggio (1474-1539), Italian humanist and cardinal who went to England in 1528 to inquire about Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon
    Hat
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    cardinal's hat
    Clement
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    probably Pope Clement VII (1342-1394). Clement VIII (1536-1605) would have been only three years old at Campeggio's death
    Pepys
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    Samuel Pepys, seventeenth-century English diarist. A philanderer, he was familiar with the "maddening impulse."
    gelatinous Medusa
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    A Medusa is a jellyfish.
    Paracelsus
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    Phillipus Aureolus Paracelsus (1493?-1541), a famous Swiss physician and alchemist
    Divinest Luna
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    Roman goddess of the moon. "Luna" is also used to mean the moon itself.
    Gulliver
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    the hero of Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire, Gulliver's Travels
    Samuel Butler
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    (1612-1680), author of Hudibras, whose mode of epic burlesque Pratt is adapting
    Samson
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    one of the judges of Israel. As a Nazarite dedicated to the Lord he was required to abstain from alcohol.
    Saint Patrick
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    Christian missionary and patron saint of Ireland (c. 385-461)
    Gomorrah
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    an ancient city, destroyed with Sodom for wickedness. See Genesis 18:20ff.
    begorra
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    Irish euphemism for "by God"
    myrmidons
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    a mythical race of men said to have sprung from ants. In the Trojan War, the myrmidons were led by Achilles.
    Marathons
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    Marathon was the site of a Greek victory over the Persians in 490 BC
    Fabius Maximus
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    the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (d. 203 BC), known as Cunctator, or "the Delayer," because of his ultimately successful tactics against Hannibal, which involved harrassment over a number of years rather than direct battle
    A French General
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    Pierre Jean François Bosquet, French army officer at the Battle of Balaklava, 1854, during the Crimean War.
    Magnifique! mais ce n'est pas la guerre
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    ("Magnificent! But it is not war.") Bosquet made this comment on the charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava, when greatly outnumbered British soldiers charged Russian troops.
    Nelson
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    Horatio Nelson (1758--1805), British admiral and hero of the Napoleonic Wars. Two of Nelson's great victories were at Trafalgar, 1805, and the Nile, 1798.
    Trafalgar and the Nile
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    Two of Nelson's great naval victories were Trafalgar, 1805, and the Nile, 1798.
    Carlyle
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    Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), nineteenth-century British writer and thinker, perhaps cited because of his lifelong fascination with heroic men of action
    jag-on
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    slang for as much liquor as one can hold
    cetacean
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    order of sea mammals including whales, porpoises, and dolphins
    Grampus
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    dolphin-like cetacean
    Humpback, Rorqual, Black and White
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    kinds of whale
    walrus, lion, hood
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    kinds of seal
    Sir Isaac Newton
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    English physicist (1642-1727) who formulated the laws of motion and gravitation
    Blake ... tiger ... lamb
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    William Blake (1757-1827) English poet, author of "The Tyger" and "The Lamb"
    uxoricidal
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    pertaining to uxoricide, the murder of one's wife
    Bottom
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    rustic in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
    Owen Glendower
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    rebellious fourteenth-century Welshman who led the last serious attempt to free Wales from English rule. In Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 3.1.53, he says "I can call spirits from the vasty deep."
    Benjamin Franklin
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    American statesman and scientist (1706-1790)
    my kite
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    a reference to Franklin's experiment of flying a kite in a thunderstorm, which proved that lightning is an electrical discharge
    caudal
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    of a tail
    Aesop
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    sixth-century B.C. Greek writer of fables
    ignis fatuus
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    (L., "foolish fire") will-o'-the-wisp, a phosphorescent light seen on marshy ground
    Euclid ... circles
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    fourth-century B.C. mathematician of Alexandria. He wrote Elements of Geometry; hence the mention of "circles."
    compass
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    perhaps a pun on "compasses," an instrument for making circles
    Johnny Walker ... discerning spirits
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    personification of Johnny Walker Scotch Whisky, and thus one of the "discerning spirits"
    Calvin ... before the world began ... Institutes
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    John Calvin (1509-1564), French protestant theologian and founder of Calvinism; author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) in which he asserts that God has predestined "before the world began" the salvation of certain souls and the damnation of others
    Acheron
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    (Gk., "Sorrowful"), a river in Hades, or Hades itself
    masonry
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    construction, with a secondary playful reference to the secret rites of the Masonic Order